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Chem 115 Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Oil is predominantly made of ____ molecules | organic |
| The simplest types of organic molecules are | hydrocarbons |
| What is an isomer? | molecule with same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different physical properties |
| What is the shape of hydrocarbons? | Nearly tetrahedral; bond angles close to 109.5; NOT FLAT |
| What is catenation? | the ability to bond to itself |
| What three factors is the chemical diversity of organic molecules a result of? | Heteroatoms, electron density and reactivity, and functional groups* |
| Shows only bonds between carbons; carbons are at vertices | carbon skeleton formula |
| Alkanes | Hydrocarbons with single bonds |
| Alkenes | Hydrocarbons with double bonds |
| Alkynes | Hydrocarbons with triple bonds |
| Names of organic molecules: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex |
| What is a saturated hydrocarbon | Each carbon bonded to a max number of other atoms |
| Contains carbon atom bonded to four different groups | Chiral |
| What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon | carbon bonded to less than four max atoms each |
| What's the difference between cis and trans | Cis = same side; trans = opposite sides of the bond |
| What are very large organic molecules | polymers |
| Three kinds of cyclic hydrocarbons | cycloalkane; cycloalkene; cyclic alkyne |
| A very special cyclic alkene | Benzene (two resonance structures... but neither is correct because actual is a hybrid |
| What is a constitutional isomer | same chemical formula but different arrangement |
| What properties are different between isomers? | density, boiling point, melting point, etc. |
| What is a combustion reaction | Add O2, produce CO2 and H2O |
| What is oxidation | conversion of carbons in hydrocarbons to CO2; creating bonds to oxygen |
| What is an alcohol | organic molecule with a C bonded to OH |
| Double bonded O between two R groups | Ketone |
| Double bonded O at the end of a chain | Aldehyde |
| Carboxylic acid | double bonded O and OH group |
| NH2 at the end of a carbon chain | amine |
| N and double bonded O | amide (peptide) |
| haloalkane | Carbon bonded to a halogen (CH3F)(C-X) |
| O=C-O-C-R | ester |
| C triple bonded to N | nitrile |
| What provided important components for society including fuel and raw materials for production? | Oil |
| Organic molecules have _________ shapes | 3-D |
| Relative ability of bonded atom to attract shared e- | Electronegativity |
| Trend of EN | increase right; decrease down |
| Polar covalent bond | atoms with different EN bond |
| Nonpolar covalent bond | atoms with equal shared EN |
| What is the standard technique for figuring out functional groups in organic molecules | Infrared spectroscopy |
| White light is | The mixture of all colors of light |
| IR radiation is detected as _____; UV radiation is detected as _____ | heat; sunburn |
| Absorption depends on _____ | Concentration |
| A=elc... what law is this | Beer-Lambert |
| When do molecules absorb IR | uneven distribution of charge in molecule (polar) or upon vibration (unequal charge distribution) |
| c= | frequency*wavelength |
| Pairs with higher bond energies will generally vibrate at a _____ frequency and have _____ wavelength IR absorption | higher; shorter |
| Bond stretch types | symmetric (out); asymmetric(every other); bend (up and down) |
| what to IR absorption frequencies depend on | mass of bonded atoms and strength of interaction between them |
| energy= | h * frequency |
| What happens when light interacts with matter | bonds break; vibration; rotation |
| Name four greenhouse gases | CO2, N2O, H2O, and CFCs |
| What is the purpose of the calibration plot in spectrophotometric analysis? | To determine molar absorption allowing you to calculate concentration and absorbency between values. |
| molarity | moles/liters |
| molality | moles/kg |
| M1V1= | M2V2 |
| Electronegativty goes towards what element? | Flourine |
| No EN difference | nonpolar covalent |
| 0-0.4 EN difference | mostly covalent |
| 0.4-1.7 | polar covalent |
| 1.7-3.3 | mostly ionic |
| An inbalance of charge over the molecule | molecular polarity |
| ion-dipole force | ion + polar molecule (dipole) |
| dipole-dipole force | polar + polar |
| Hydrogen bond | H atom boned to F, N, or O |
| induced dipole-dipole | have to have two difference substances |
| ion induced dipole | ion + nonpolar |
| force in all bonds | dispersion/ London |
| What is miscible | soluble in each other in any proportion |
| mixtures of elements that have metallic character | alloy |
| Mass percent | (mass solute)/(mass solute + mass solvent) |
| mole fraction (x) | (moles solute)/ (moles solute + moles solvent) |
| mole percent | mole fraction X 100 |
| intermolecular force strength in order of strongest to weakest | ion-dipole; h bond; dipole-dipole; ion-induced; dipole-induced; dispersion |
| do lone pairs lead to a polar or nonpolar molecule | polar |
| Is cis or trans more polar | cis |
| What is the driving force that causes things to dissolve and potential for disorder | entropy |
| What intermolecular forces are present in water? | h-bonding, dipole-dipole, and dispersion |
| like dissolves like | like dissolves like |
| A beaker contains 100 mL of salt water. If 100 mL of distilled water is added to the beaker, the number of moles of NaCl... | doesn't change!!! |
| What does a colloid do | keeps things dissolved into one another |
| Which is polar and nonpolar in a colloids head/tail? | polar head; nonpolar tail |
| Which changes with temperature, molarity or molality? | molarity |
| How do you determine dilution factor | M1V1=M2V2 |
| higher boiling point = _____ bond | stronger |
| What are the four main colligative properties | boiling point, freezing point, vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure |
| what are colligative properties caused by | physical changes caused by difference between solute and pure solvent |
| ions in solution; conducts electric current | electrolytes |
| no ions in solution; don't conduct electric current | nonelectrolytes |
| What effects colligative properties? | Number of solute particles; NOT what the solute is, just # |
| what is vapor pressure | the equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its liquid |
| How to calculate vapor pressure (P) | P of solvent = X of solvent * P original of solvent |
| Vapor pressures are proportional to and dependent on what | Temperature |
| What is the most accurate colligative property | Osmotic pressure |
| Formula for boiling point elevation | Change in boiling temperature = bp elevation constant (k) * molality (m)... then add to original bp |
| Formula for freezing point depression | Change in freezing temperature = fp depression constant (k) * molality (m)... then subtract from original bp |
| More moles = ____ freezing point | lower |
| semipermeable membrane | solvent can go through but solute can't |
| causes solvent to move and drives concentration change | concentration gradient |
| osmosis | passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions of different concentration |
| osmotic pressure ______ with number of solute particles | increases |
| How to calculate osmotic pressure | =(Molarity)RT... has to be in L, Atm, n, and K |
| difference between saturated and unsaturated | saturated: solid at room temp. ; unsaturated: liquid at room temp. |
| The most abundant class of organic compounds found in living organisms | carbohydrates/polysaccharides |
| Cellular membranes are made of a | phospholipid bilayer |
| Cellular membranes have a _____ head and a _____ tail | polar/ionic head ; nonpolar tail |
| Another word for polar and nonpolar | polar=hydrophyllic; nonpolar=hydrophobic |
| Three parts to an amino acid | R group, amine, carboxylic acid |
| Amino acids can have what three different kinds of side chains | polar; nonpolar; ionic |
| Amino acids link together through a | peptide bond |
| acid sequence determines _____ and _____ determines _____ | shape; shape; function |
| Primary structure of proteins | sequence of amino acids |
| Secondary structure of proteins | spatial arrangement of the polypeptide into shapes |
| Which way to R groups face on amino acids | Stick outward and away |
| Tertiary structure of proteins | overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide chain |
| If a protein is in an aqueous environment, nonpolar pieces will face _____ | the middle |
| What help to determine tertiary structure in proteins | intermolecular forces |
| What is a fatty acid | lipid |
| Quaternary structure of proteins | two or more polypeptide chains |
| Fibrous proteins are | NOT soluble in water |
| Proteins that are soluble in water are | globular |
| 3-D structure determines _____ | Function |
| Proteins are _______ of amino acids | polymers |
| Forces in a polypeptide chain | colvalent peptide bonds H-bonds between C=O of one and N-H of another Polar and ionic side chains with water through ion-dipole and H-bonds -SH ends of 2 cysteine side chains, s-s bond/ disulfide bridge |
| Cysteine chains | have sulfur |
| oppositly charged amine/carboxyl group ends form _________ | salt link/ion pair (creates bend) |
| What type of interaction is primarily responsible for the secondary structures of proteins | Hydrogen Bonds! |
Created by:
jkmccord11
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