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Bio 3
sswag
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alleles | two copies of a gene |
| single gene traits | traits determined by a single gene |
| DOMINANT trait | trait that is seen |
| recessive | the hidden trait |
| gene | instructions for building a trait |
| homozygous | two of the same alleles for a gene |
| heterozygous | two diff alleles for a gene, the dominant allele is the one that is shown |
| Phenotype | outward appearance of an individual, includes behavior |
| genotype | genetic make up of an individual |
| punnett square | axes(outside) have genotype of indiv. inside has potential genotype of punnet square |
| law of segregation | each parent only gives one allele to the gamete of the offspring |
| test cross | makes it possible to find out the genotype of an individual showing the dominant allele |
| pedigree | type of family tree with the traits of many family members |
| sex linked traits | traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosome recessive more common in males dominant in females |
| carrier | someone who has a recessive trait but does not show it |
| incomplete dominance | when an observed trait is in between two homozygous traits ie snapdragon flowers turn pink |
| incomplete dominance punnet square | Cr Cr Cw Cw Cr CwCr Cw Cw Cr CwCr C= gene for color w= white r=red |
| Co dominance | hetero zygote displays characteristics of both homozygotes. neither masks the effects of the other |
| Multiple allelism | when a single gene has more than two alleles |
| genes alternate form is an allele | true |
| polygenic | influenced by many different traits IE skin color and height |
| additive effects | effects of from alleles of multiple genes that all contribute to the ultimate phenotype for a given characteristic |
| Pleiotropy | when indiv genes influences multiple traits |
| who is effected more by sexlinkeed traits | men because they only haveone X chromosome |
| what are genes carried on | chromosomes |
| mendels law of assortment | genes behave independent of each other. the inheritance patter of a |
| linked genes | genes that are close to each other on the chromosome and are more likely to be inherited together |
| nondisjunction | unequal distribution of chromosomes during meiosis ie downs syndrome fucks up in anaphase |
| reasons for mitosis | growth and replacement(cells) |
| apoptosis | cell suicide |
| fertilization | the fusion of two reproductive cells |
| meiosis | when organisms make reproductive cells, gametes, with only half of their chromosomal info Produces gametes that differ in terms of alleles |
| diploid | cells with two copies of each chromosome (somatic cells) |
| hapliods | cells with one copy of each chromosome (gametes) |
| gonads | ovaries and testes |
| homologous pair | the maternal and paternal copies of chromosomes |
| interphase | chromosomes duplicate |
| meiosis 1 | first division separation of homologous pairs |
| meiosis II | sister chromatids separate into four haploid cells. two with a single copy of one chromosome two with another |
| Prophase I | chromosomes condense and crossing over occurs |
| Metaphase I | chromsomes line up in the center of the cell |
| anaphase I | homologues are pulled to either side of the cell |
| telophase I and cytokinesis | nuclear membrane forms around two sister chromatids and two daughter cells form |
| prophase II | Chromosomes re condense |
| Metaphase II | sister chromatids line up in the center of the cell |
| anaphase II | sister chromatids are pulled to either side of the cell |
| Telophase II and Cytokinesis | nuclear membranes reassemble and two daughter cell pinch into four haploid gametes |
| end result of Meiosis I and II | creation of four haploid daughter cells |
| females produce larger gametes than males | true |
| eggs have more cytoplasm than sperm | true |
| crossing over | occurs in prophase I. the exchange of some genetic info from the paternal homologue and the maternal homologue , causing a to have genetic info from each |
| advantages of sexual reproduction | genetic differences between parent and offspring |
| disadvantages of sexual reproduction | problems with mating |
| advantages of asexual reproduction | efficient and quick |
| disadvant of asex reproduct | no genetic diversity |
| an individuals sex is determined by the father | true |
| sex determination | half sperm get X half Y chromosome, if a sperm with a y gets to the egg then it is a boy if X girl |
| karyotype | visual display of someones chromosomes |
| ecology | study of individual interactions with their environment |
| population ecology | studies the interaction between populations and their environment |
| karyotype | visual display of someones chromosomes |
| ecology | study of individual interactions with their environment |
| growth rate (r) | birth rate - death rate |
| population ecology | studies the interaction between populations and their environment |
| population growth exponential | rXN N= number of individuals present |
| growth rate (r) | birth rate - death rate |
| population density | the number of individuals in an area |
| density dependent factors | limitation on the growth of a population |
| carrying capacity | max number that a population can have before fucking shit up |
| Logistical Growth | r*N[K-N/K] |
| K | Carrying capacity |
| density independent factors | factors that strike down populations without regard to population size ie earthquakes, forest fires |
| density dependent factors | factors that strike down populations due to population density ie food scarcity, disease, predators |
| buffon | suggested earth was older than 6000 |
| cuvier | proved extnction through fossils |
| lamark | suggested species change over time |
| lyell | suggested that geological forces shaped the earth |
| darwims travels | ship : beagle gal islands |
| mutation | the change in a based pair that can be passed down to the next generation if it occurs in sex cells, most mutations suck some are helpful though |
| mutagen | something that can cause dna mutation |
| genetic drift | a random change in allele frequencies over a generation |
| fixation | when there is only one type of allele for a trait in the population |
| natural selection | 1 must be a variation of a certain trait 2 variation mus be inheritable(heritability) 3 individuals with one version of the trait must produce more offspring than the other |
| five primary lines of evidence for evolution. fossil records | physical evidence that organisms lived in the past |
| five primary lines of evidence for evolution. biogeography | patterns of geographic distrubutions of living organisms |
| five primary lines of evidence for evolution. molecular biology | examination of life at individual levels of molecules |
| five primary lines of evidence for evolution. lab/field experiments | using the scientific method to study evolution |
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