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Psychology.Chapter.7
Thinking and Intelligence
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties. | Concept |
| Golden retriever, cocker spaniel, and border collie are all dogs: This is an example of... | Concept |
| A representative or most commonplace example of a concept. | Prototype |
| A golden retriever is considered the ________ of a dog | Prototype |
| Who's theory stated that "because English has only one word for snow and Eskimos have many, the Inuit notice differences in snow that English speakers do not"? | Bemjamin Lee Whorf |
| A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea. | Propositions |
| "Hortense raises border collies" or "Border collies are smart" are examples of... | Propositions |
| Propositions are linked together in a complicated network of knowledge, associations, beliefs, and expectations that serve as mental models of aspects of the world. These networks are known as... | Cognitive Schema |
| This represents a person's beliefs and expectations about what it means to be male or female | Gender Schema |
| A mental representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents; they can occur in many and perhaps all sensory modalities. | Mental Images |
| Mental processes occurring outside of conscious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary | Subconscious Processes |
| Driving is an example of... | Subconscious Process |
| Mental processes occurring outside of an not available to conscious awareness. | Nonconscious Processes |
| When a solution to a problem pops into your mind after you have given up trying to find one is an example of... | Nonconscious Processes |
| Learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned | Implicit Learning |
| An example of this is when someone discovers the best strategy for winning a cad game without being able to consciously identify what they are doing | Implicit Learning |
| Mental inflexibility, inertia, and obliviousness to the present context | Mindlessness |
| Acting, speaking, and making decision out of habit, without stopping to analyze what we are doing or why we are doing it is an example of... | Mindlessness |
| The drawing of conclusion or inferences from observations, facts, or assumptions | Reasoning |
| A problem-solving strategy guaranteed to produce a solution even if the user does not know how it works | Algorithm |
| A form of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from certain premises; if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true | Deductive Reasoning |
| "All human beings are mortal" + "I am a human being" = "I am mortal" is an example of... | Deductive Reasoning |
| A form of reasoning in which the premises provide support for a conclusion, but it is still possible for the conclusion to be false | Inductive Reasoning |
| "I had a delicious meal at Joe's Restaurant on Monday" + "I had a delicious mean there again on Tuesday" + "I had another delicious meal there on Wednesday" MAY = "Joe's Restaurant consistently serves good food" is an example of... | Inductive Reasoning |
| A rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution | Heuristic |
| Asking a friend how they liked their instructor when trying to decide whether to take a particular course is an example of... | Heuristic - Rules of Thumb |
| A process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared with a view to determining the best solution or to resolving differences | Dialectical Reasoning |
| How juries are supposed to arrive at a verdict: consider arguments for and against the defendant's guilt, point and counterpoint | Dialectical Reasoning |
| Seven stages to making decisions. At each stage, people make different assumption about how things are known and use different ways of justifying or defending their beliefs | Reflective Judgement |
| People in these two early stages assume that a correct answer always exists and that it can be obtained directly through the senses or from authorities. | Prereflective Stages |
| During these three stages, people recognize that some things cannot be known with absolute certainty, and they realize that judgments should be supported by reasons, yet they pay attention only to evidence that fits what they already believe | Quasi-Reflective Stages |
| In these last two stages, a person becomes capable of understanding that although some things can never be known with certainty, some judgments are more valid than others because of their coherence, their fit with the evidence, and their usefulness | Reflective Stages |
| The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an evven once the outcome is known; the "I knew it all along" phenomenon | Hindsight Bias |
| The tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances | Availability Heuristic |
| The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one's own belief | Confirmation Bias |
| Why people overestimate the frequency of deaths from tornadoes and underestimate the frequency of deaths from asthma, which occur 20 times as often, but do not make headlines | Availability Heuristic |
| A tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems | Mental State |
| The "Ultimate Game" is an example of the... | Fairness Bias |
| A state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent, or when a person's belief is incongruent with his or her behavior | Cognitive Dissonance |
| In the theory of cognitive dissonance, tension that occurs when you believe you may have made a bad decision | Postdecision Dissonance |
| The tendency of individuals to increase their liking for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain; a common form of dissonance reduction | Justification of Effort |
| An inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment | Intelligence |
| A general ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents | G Factor |
| The measurement of mental abilities, traits, and processes | Psychometrics |
| A measure of mental development expressed in terms of the average mental ability at a given age | Mental Age (MA) |
| A burden of doubt a person feels about his or her performance, due to negative stereotypes about his or her group's abilities | Stereotype Threat |
| The ability to identify your own and other people's emotions accurately, express your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others | Emotional Intelligence |
Created by:
elyk01
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