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Lifespan 2
Berger
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Comprehensive theories that have traditionally inspired and directed thinking about development. Psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism, and cognitive theory. | grand theories |
| Theories that focus on some specific area of development and thus are less general and comprehensive. | minitheories |
| Theories that bring together information from many disciplines but that have not yet cohered into theories that are comprehensive and sytematic. | emergent theories |
| A grand theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, many of which originate in childhood, underlie human behavior. | psychoanalytic theory |
| A grand theory of human development that focuses on the sequences and processes by which behavior is learned. | behaviorism |
| According to behaviorism, any process in which behavior is learned. | conditioning |
| The process by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, so that the organism responds to the former stimulus as if it were the latter. | classical conditioning |
| The process by which a response is gradually learned via reinforcement or punishment. | operant conditioning |
| An application of behaviorism that emphasizes that many human behaviors are learned through observation and imitation of other people. | social learning theory |
| In social learning theory, the process in which people observe and then copy the behavior of others. | modeling |
| In social learning theory, the belief that one is effective; motivates people to change themselves and their contexts. | self-efficacy |
| A grand theory of devlopment that focuses on the structure and development of thinking, which shapes people's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. | cognitive theory |
| In cognitive theory, a state of mental balance in which a person is able to reconcile new experiences with existing understanding. | cognitive equilibrium |
| An emergent theory that holds that human development results from the dynamic interaction between each person and the surrounding social and cultural forces. | sociocultural theory |
| In sociocultureal theory, the process by which novices develop cognitive competencies through interaction with more skilled members of the society, often parents or teachers, who act as tutors or mentors. | apprenticeship in thinking |
| In sociocultural theory, the process by which a skilled person helps a novice learn by providing not only instruction but also a direct, shared involvement in the learning process. | guided participation |
| An emergent theory of development that emphasizes the interaction of genes and the environment. | epigenetic theory |
| The belief that every aspect of development is set in advance by genes and then is gradually manifested in the course of maturation. | preformism |
| The idea that humans and other animals gradually adjust to their environment. | selective adaptation |
| The study of patterns of animal behavior, particularly as that behaviorrelates to evolutionary origins and speicies survival. | ethology |
| The approach taken by most developmentalists, in which they apply aspects of each of the various theories rather than adhering exclusively to one. | eclectic perpective |
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blueangel0693
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