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Chapter 9 VPTS
Hearing, Vestibular Perception, Taste and Smell
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is transduction? | The conversion of one form of energy to another. |
| What is an external ear? | The part of the ear that we readily see (the pinna) and the canal that leads to the eardrum. |
| What is the pinna? | The external part of the ear. |
| What is the middle ear? | The cavity between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea. |
| What is the ossicles? | Three small bones (incus, malleus, and stapes) that transmit sound across the middle ear, from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. |
| What is the tympanic membrane? | Also called eardrum, the partition between the external ear and the middle ear. |
| What is the oval window? | The opening from the middle ear to the inner ear. |
| What is the malleus? | Latin for hammer, a middle-ear bone that is connected to the tympanic membrane. |
| What is incus? | Latin for anvil, a middle-ear bone situated between the malleus and the stapes. |
| What is the stapes? | Latin for stirrup, a middle-ear bone that is connected to the oval window. |
| What is the tensor tympani? | The muscle attached to the malleus and the tympanic membrane that modulates mechanical linkage to protect the delicate receptor cells of the inner ear from damaging sounds. |
| What is the stapedius? | A middle-ear muscle that is attached to the stapes. |
| What is the inner ear? | The cochlea and vestibular apparatus. |
| What is the cochlea? | A snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the primary receptor cells for hearing. |
| Hertz (Hz) | Cycles per second, as of an auditory stimulus. |
| decibel (dB) | A measure of sound intensity. |
| What is the scala vestibuli? | One of three principal canals running along the length of the cochlea. |
| What is the scala media? | The central of the three spiraling canals inside the cochlea, situated between the scala vistibuli and the scala tympani. |
| What is the scala tympani? | One of three principal canals running along the length of the cochlea. |
| What is round window? | A membrane separating the cochlear duct from the middle-ear cavity. |
| What is organ of Corti? | A structure in the inner ear that lies on the basilar membrane of the cochlea and contains the hair cells and terminations of the auditory nerve. |
| What is a hair cell? | One of the receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea. |
| What is the basilar membrane? | A membrane in the cochlea that contains the principal structures involved in auditory transduction. |
| What is inner hair cell (IHC)? | One of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea. |
| What is outer hair cell (OHC)? | One of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea. |
| What is stereocilium? | A relatively stiff hair that protrudes from a hair cell in the auditory or vestibular system. |
| What is tectorial membrane? | A structure in the cochlear duct. |
| What is a tip link? | A fin, threadlike fiber that runs along and connects the tips of stereocilia. |
| What is tuning curve? | A graph of the responses of a single auditory nerve fiber or neuron to sounds that vary in frequency and intensity. |
| What is cochlear amplifier? | The mechanism by which the cochlea is physically distorted by outer hair cells in order to tune the cochlea to be particularly sensitive to some frequencies more than others. |
| What is otoacoustic emission? | A sound produced by the cochlea itself, either spontaneously or in response to an environmental noise. |
| What is vestibulocochlear nerve? | Cranial nerve VIII, which runs from the cochlea to the brainstem auditory nuclei. |
| What is cochlear nuclei? | Brainstem nuclei that receive input from auditory hair cells and send output to the superior olivary complex. |
| What is superior olivary nuclei? | Brainstem nuclei that receive input from both right and left cochlear nuclei, and provide the first binaural analysis of auditory information. |
| What is inferior colliculi? | Paired structures on the dorsal surface of the midbrain, caudal to the superior colliculi, that receive auditory information. |
| What is the medial geniculate nuclei? | Nuclei in the thalamus that receive input from the inferior colliculus and send output to the auditory cortex. |
| What is tonotopic organization? | A major organizational feature in auditory systems in which neurons are arranged as an orderly map of stimulus frequency, with cells responsive to high frequencies located at a distance from those responsive to low frequencies. |
| What is minimal discriminable frequency difference? | The smallest change in frequency that can be detected reliably between two tones. |
| What is place theory? | A theory of frequency discrimination stating that pitch perception depends on the place of maximal displacement of the basilar membrane produced by a sound. |
| What is volley theory? | A theory of frequency discrimination that emphasizes the relation between sound frequency and the firing pattern of nerve cells. |
| What is an ultrasound? | High-frequency sound, in general, above the threshold for human hearing, at about 20,000 Hz. |
| What is infrasound? | Very low frequency sound; in general, below the threshold for human hearing, at about 20 Hz. |
| What is binaural? | Pertaining to two ears. |
| What is intensity differences? | Perceived differences in loudness between the two ears, which can be used to localize a sound source. |
| What is latency differences? | Differences between the two ears in the time of arrival of a sound, which can be employed by the nervous system to localize sound sources. |
| What is duplex theory? | A theory of pitch perception that combines place theory and volley theory. |
| What is coincidence detector? | A device that senses the co-occurrence of two events. |
| What is superior olive? | A distinctive brainstem nucleus that contributes to the binaural processing of sounds. |
| What is spectral filtering? | Alteration of the amplitude of some, but not all, frequencies in a sound. |
| What is monaural? | Pertaining to one ear. |
| What is amusia? | A disorder characterized by the inability to discern tunes accurately. |
| What is polymodal or multisensory? | Involving several sensory modalities. |
| What is conduction deafness? | A hearing impairment that is associated with pathology of the external-ear or middle-ear cavities. |
| What is sensorineural deafness? | A hearing impairment that originates from cochlear or auditory nerve lesions. |
| What is ototoxic? | Toxic to the ears, especially the middle or inner ear. |
| What is tinnitus? | A sensation of noises or ringing in the ears. |
| What is central deafness? | A hearing impairment that is related to lesions in auditory pathways or centers, including sites in the brainstem, thalamus, or cortex. |
| What is word deafness? | The specific inability to hear words, although other sounds can be detected. |
| What is cortical deafness? | A hearing impairment that is caused by a fault or defect in the cortex. |
| What is cochlear implant? | An electromechanical device that detects sounds and selectively stimulates nerves in different regions of the cochlea via surgically implanted electrodes. |
| What is auditory brainstem implant (ABI)? | A type of auditory prosthesis in which implanted microphones directly stimulate the auditory nuclei of the brainstem rather than the cochlea. |
| What is semicircular canal? | One of the three fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that are part of the vestibular system. Each of the tubes, which are at right angles to each other, detects angular acceleration. |
| What is utricle? | A small, fluid-filled sac in the vestibular system above the saccule that responds to static positions of the head. |
| What is saccule? | A small, fluid-filled sac under the utricle in the vestibular system that responds to static positions of the head. |
| What is ampulla? | An enlarged region of each semicircular canal that contains the receptor cells (hair cells) of the vestibular system. |
| What is otolith? | A small, bony crystal on the gelatinous membrane in the vestibular system. |
| What is lateral-line system? | A sensory system, found in many kinds of fishes and some amphibians, that informs the animal of water motion in relation to the body surface. |
| What is cupula? | A small gelatinous column that forms part of the lateral-line system of aquatic animals and also occurs within the vestibular system of mammals. |
| What is vestibular nuclei? | Brainstem nuclei that receive information from the vestibular organs through cranial nerve VIII. |
| What is vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)? | The brainstem mechanism that maintains gaze on a visual object despite movements of the head. |
| What is motion sickness? | The experience of nausea brought on by unnatural passive movement, as in a car or boat. |
| What is sensory conflict theory? | A theory of motion sickness suggesting that discrepancies between vestibular information and visual information simulate food poisoning and therefore trigger nausea |
| what is papilla? | A small bump that projects from the surface of the tongue, papillae contain most of the taste receptor cells. |
| What is taste bud? | A cluster of 50 to 150 cells that detects tastes. Taste buds are often found in the papillae. |
| What is taste pore? | The small aperture through which tastant molecules are able to access the sensory receptors of the taste bud. |
| what is tastant? | A substance that can be tasted. |
| What is fungiform papillae? | One of three types of small structures on the tongue, located in the front, that contain taste receptors. |
| What is circumvallate papillae? | one of three types of small structures on the tongue, located in the back, that contain taste receptors. |
| What is foliate papillae? | One of three types of small structures on the tongue, located along the sides, that contain taste receptors. |
| What is transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1)? | A receptor that binds capsaicin to transmit the burning sensation from chili peppers. TRPV1 may be the receptor for detecting sudden increases in temperature. |
| What is T1R? | A family of taste receptor proteins that, when particular members heterodimerize, form taste receptors for sweet flavors and umami flavors. |
| What is T2R? | A family of bitter taste receptors. |
| What is umami? | One of the five basic tastes, probably mediated by amino acids in foods. |
| What is gustatory system? | The taste system. |
| What is pattern coding? | Coding of information in sensory systems based on the temporal pattern of action potentials. |
| What are labeled lines? | The concept that each nerve input to the brain reports only a particular type of information. |
| What is anosmia? | The inability to smell. |
| What is olfactory epithelium? | A sheet of cells, including olfactory receptors, that lines the dorsal portion of the nasal cavities and adjacent regions, including the septum that separates the left and right nasal cavities. |
| What is cilium? | A hairlike extension. |
| What is dendritic knob? | A portion of olfactory receptor cells present in the olfactory epithelium. |
| What are turbinates? | Complex shapes underlying the olfactory mucosa that direct inspired air over receptor cells. |
| What is the olfactory bulb? | An anterior projection of the brain that terminates in the upper nasal passages and, through small openings in the skull, provides receptors for smell. |
| What is glomerulus? | A complex arbor and dendrites from a group of olfactory cells. |
| Whta is mitral cell? | A type of cell in the olfactory bulb that conducts smell information from the glomeruli to the rest of the brain. |
| What is pheromone? | A chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species. |
| What is vomeronasal system? | A specialized chemical detection system that detects pheromones and transmits information to the brain. |
| What is vomeronasal organ (VNO)? | A collection of specialized receptor cells, near ot but separate from the olfactory epithelium, that detect pheromones and send electrical signals to the accessory olfactory bulb in the brain. |
| What is Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs)? | A family of probable pheromone receptors found in the main olfactory epithelium. |
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slytherinangel
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