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Psych: Chapter 5
Perception
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Perception | The process through which people take raw sensations from the environment and interpret them, using knowledge, experience, and understanding of the world, so that the sensations becomes meaningful experiences. |
| Computational Approach | An approach to perception that focuses on how computations by the nervous system translate raw sensory stimulation into an experience of reality. |
| Constructivist Approach | A view of perception taken by those who argue that the perceptual system uses fragments of sensory information to construct an image of reality. |
| Ecological Approach | An approach to perception maintaining that humans and other species are so well adapted to their natural environment that many aspects of the world are perceived without requiring higher-level analysis and inferences. |
| Psychophysics | An area of research focusing on the relationship between the physical characteristics of environmental stimuli and the psychological experiences those stimuli produce. |
| Absolute Threshold | The minimum amount of stimulus energy that can be detected 50 percent of the time. |
| Subliminal Stimuli | Stimuli that are too weak or brief to be perceived. |
| Supraliminal Stimuli | Stimuli that are strong enough to be consistently perceived. |
| Sensitivity | The ability to detect a stimulus. |
| Response Criterion | The internal rule a person uses to decide whether or not to report a stimulus |
| Signal-Detection Theory | A mathematical model of what determines a person's report that a near-threshold stimulus has or has not occurred. |
| Just-Noticeable Difference (JND) | The smallest detectable difference in stimulus energy. |
| Weber's Law | A law stating that the smallest detectable difference in stimulus energy is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus. |
| Perceptual Organization | The task of determining what edges and other stimuli go together to form an object. |
| Depth Perception | The ability to perceive distance. |
| Interposition | A depth cue whereby closer objects block one's view of things farther away. |
| Relative Size | A depth cue whereby larger objects are perceived as closer than smaller ones. |
| Height in the Visual Field | A depth cue whereby objects higher in the visual field are perceived as more distant. |
| Linear Perspective | A depth cue whereby objects closer to the point at which two lines appear to converge are perceived as being at a greater distance. |
| Texture Gradient | A graduated change in the texture, or grain, of the visual field, whereby objects with finer, less detailed textures are perceived as more distant. |
| Motion Parallax | A depth cue whereby a difference in the apparent rate of movement of different objects provides information about the relative distance of those objects. |
| Accommodation | The ability of the lens of the eye to change its shape and bend light rays so that objects are in focus |
| Convergence | A depth cue involving the rotation of the eyes to project the image of an object on each retina. |
| Binocular Disparity | A depth cue based on the difference between two retinal images of the world. |
| Looming | A motion cue involving a rapid expansion in the size of an image so that it fills the retina. |
| Stroboscopic Motion | An illusion in which lights or images flashed in rapid succession are perceived as moving |
| Perceptual Constancy | The perception of objects as constant in size, shape, color, and other properties despite changes in their retinal image. |
| Top-Down Processing | Aspects of recognition that are guided by higher-level cognitive processes and psychological factors such as expectations. |
| Bottom-Up Processing | Aspects of recognition that depend first on the information about the stimulus that comes to the brain from the sensory receptors |
| Schemas | Mental representations of what we know, and have come to expect, about the world. |
| Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) model | An approach to understanding objects recognition in which various elements of the object are thought to be simultaneously analyzed by a number of widely distributed, but connected, neural units in the brain. |
| Attention | The process of directing and focusing psychological resources to enhance perception, performance, and mental experience |
Created by:
letseathesky
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