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Social Behavior Ch18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is social psychology? | The scientific study of how individuals behave, think, and feel in social situations. |
| What is culture? | An ongoing pattern of life, characterizing a society at a given point in history. |
| In the structure of a group we all hold a what? | Position. |
| What is a social role? | Expected behavior patterns associated with particular social positions. (Such as daughter, worker, student) |
| What is an ascribed role? | A role that is assigned to a person; a role one has no choice about playing. (Daughter, son, male, female, etc.) |
| What is an achieved role? | A role that is assumed voluntarily. (Spouse, teacher, scientist) |
| What is a role conflict? | Trying to occupy two or more roles that make conflicting demands on behavior. (a mother that has a full time job, a teacher who must flunk a close friend's daughter) |
| What cause role conflicts for students? | The clashing demands of work, family, and school. |
| What study did Phil Zimbardo conduct? | Study to show the impact of social roles using male college students (were paid) to serve as "inmates" and "guards" in a simulated prison. |
| What were the outcomes of the prison study? | Lasting only 6 days the experiment had to be halted because of the increased brutality shown to prisoners and emotional instability that the prisoners were experiencing. The social roles were so powerful that in just a few days the roles became real. |
| What is a group structure? | The network of roles, communications pathways, and power in a group. (Army or athletic team have high degree of structure). |
| What is a group's cohesiveness? | The degree of attraction among group members or their commitment to remaining in the group. |
| What are some cues of more cohesive group? | They tend to sit or stand closer together, pay more attention to one another, show more signs of mutual affection. |
| How are behavior and group cohesiveness related? | Cohesiveness is the basis for most of the power that groups exert over their members (therapy groups, athletic teams, they actively seek to strengthen group cohesion. Cohesive groups tend to work together better and are better at solving problems. |
| What is status? | An individual's position in a social structure, especially with respect to power, privilege, or importance. |
| What is a norm? | An accepted (but often unspoken) standard of conduct for appropriate behavior. (Don't sing loudly in the middle of a crowd) |
| What is the autokinetic effect? | The apparent movement of a stationary pinpoint of light displayed in a darkened room. |
| What is personal space? | An area surrounding the body that is regarded as private and subject to personal control. (personal bubble) |
| What define the interpersonal distance we regard as appropriate in different situations and settings (casual convo, formal business, waiting in a line with strangers)? | Powerful Norms. |
| What are proxemics? | Systematic study of the human use of space, particularly in social situations. |
| What are the four basic zones of proxemics? | Intimate, personal, social, and public. |
| What is an intimate distance? | The most private space immediately surrounding the body (up to 18 inches from the skin). *very few people are allowed into this space, it is reserved for cuddling children, making love, comforting others etc. |
| What is a personal distance? | The distance maintained when interacting with close friends (about 18 inches to 4 feet from the body). *mostly for comfortable interaction with friends |
| What is a social distance? | Distance at which impersonal interactions takes place (about 4 to 12 feet from the body). *formalizes conversations by requiring a greater voice projection, important people often use the imposing width of their desks to maintain a social distance. |
| What is a public distance? | Distance at which formal interactions, such as giving a speech, occur (about 12 feet or more from the body). |
| What is an attribution? | The process of making inferences about the causes of one's own behavior and that of others. |
| What is an external cause? | A cause of behavior that is assumed to lie outside a person. (Nell tastes her food first then salts is - assume the food needed salt) |
| What is an internal cause? | A cause of behavior assumed to lie within a person - for instance a need, preference, or personality trait. (Bert salts his food before tasting it - assume Bert likes salt) |
| What is consistency? | When making attributions, noticing that a behavior changes very little on many different occasions. (Tam consistently avoids you and others you would assume he is shy) |
| What is distinctiveness? | When making attributions, noticing that a behavior occurs only under specific circumstances. (Tam consistently and distinctively only avoids you you would assume he doesn't like you) |
| What is an actor? | In making attributions, the person whose behavior is being interpreted. |
| What is an object? | In making attributions, the aim, motive, or target of an action. |
| What is a setting? | In making attributions, the social and/or physical environment in which an action occurs. |
| What are situational demands? | unstated expectations that define desirable or appropriate behavior in various settings and social situations. *Tam is at a funeral which requires him to be quiet and somber |
| What is a consensus? | The degree to which people respond alike. In making attributions, consensus implies that responses are externally caused. *if a bunch of people go see a movie we assume its good, if only one person goes multiple times you assume its his type of movie |
| What is discounting? | Downgrading internal explanations of behavior when a person's actions appear to have strong external causes. *Pro Athletes who endorse shaving creams etc. |
| What is self-handicapping? | Arranging to perform under conditions that usually impair performance to have an excuse for a poor showing. |
| What is the fundamental attribution error? | The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes (personality, likes, etc.) *You see Macy at a couple of parties and assume she likes to party when she is really there to practice playing her tuba in front of an audience |
| What is the actor/observer bias? | When making attributions, the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes while attributing one's own behavior to external causes. (situations and circumstances) |
| What is a need to affiliate? | The desire to associate with other people. |
| What is a social comparison? | Making judgments about ourselves through comparison with others. * |
| What is an upward comparison? | Comparing yourself with a person who ranks higher than you on some dimension. |
| What is a downward comparison? | Comparing yourself with a person who ranks lower than you on some dimension. |
| What is interpersonal attraction? | Social attraction to another person. |
| What are the five causes of interpersonal attraction? | Physical proximity, physical attractiveness, competence, similarity, and self-disclosure. |
| What is physical proximity? | One's actual physical nearness to others in terms of house, work, school, etc. |
| What is physical attractiveness? | A person's degree of physical beauty, as defined by his or her culture. |
| What is the halo effect? | The tendency to generalize a favorable first impression to unrelated personal characteristics. *i.e. looks |
| What is competence? | The degree of general ability or proficiency a person displays. |
| What is similarity? | The extent to which two people are alike in background, age, interests, attitudes, beliefs, and so forth. |
| What is Homogamy? | marriage of two people who are similar to one another. |
| What is self-disclosure? | The process of revealing private thoughts, feelings, and one;s personal history to others. |
| What is reciprocity? | A reciprocal interchange or return is kind. |
| What is overdisclosure? | Self-disclosure that exceeds what is so appropriate for a particular relationship. |
| What is a social exchange? | Any exchange between two people of attention, information, affection, favors, or the like. |
| What is the social exchange theory? | Theory stating that rewards must exceed costs for relationships to endure. |
| What is a comparison level? | A personal standard used to evaluate rewards and costs in a social exchange. |
| What is romantic love? | love that is associated with high levels of interpersonal attraction, heightened arousal, mutual absorption, and sexual desire. |
| What is liking? | A relationship based on intimacy but lacking passion and commitment. |
| What is mutual absorption? | With regard to romantic love the nearly exclusive attention lovers give to one another. |
| What is a secure attachment? | A stable and positive emotional bond. |
| What is an avoidant attachment? | An emotional bond marked by a tendency to resist commitment to others. |
| What is an ambivalent attachment? | An emotional bond marked by conflicting feeling of affection, anger, and emotional turmoil. |
| What is evolutionary psychology? | Study of the evolutionary origins of human behavior patterns. |
| What is social influence? | Changes in a person's behavior induced by the presence or actions of others. |
| What is conformity? | Bringing one's behavior into agreement or harmony with norms or with the behavior of others in a group. |
| What is groupthink? | A compulsion by members of decision-making groups to maintain agreement, even at the cost of critical thinking. |
| How do groups enforce norms? | In most groups, we have been rewarded with acceptance and approval for conformity. |
| What are group sanctions? | Rewards and punishments (such as approval or disapproval)administered by groups to enforce conformity among members. |
| What is unanimity? | being unanimous or of one mind; agreement. |
| What are the five types of social power? | Social, Reward, Coercive, Legitimate, and reference by others. |
| What is a social power? | The capacity to control, alter, or influence the behavior of another person. |
| What is a reward power? | Social power based on the capacity to reward a person for acting as desired. |
| What is coercive power? | Social power based on the ability to punish others. |
| What is legitimate power? | Social power based on a person's position as an agent of an accepted social order. |
| What is referent power? | Social power gained when one is used as a point of reference by others. |
| What is expert power? | Social power derived from possession of knowledge or expertise. |
| What is obedience? | Conformity to the demands of authority. |
| What is the Asch experiment? | line experiment |
| What is the Milgram experiment? | teacher student shock study |
| What is compliance? | Bending to the requests of a person who has little or no authority or other form of social power. |
| What is the foot-in-the-door effect? | The tendency for a person who has first complied with a small request to be more likely later to fulfill a larger request. |
| What is the door-in-the-face effect? | The tendency for a person who has refused a major request to subsequently be more liekly to comply with a minor request. |
| What is the low-ball technique? | a strategy in which commitment is gained first to reasonable or desirable terms, which are then made less reasonable or desirable. |
| What is passive compliance? | Passively bending to unreasonable demands or circumstances |
| What is assertiveness training? | Instruction in how to be self-assertive. |
| What is self-assertion? | A direct, honest expression of feelings and desired. |
| What is aggression? | hurting another person or achieving one's goal s at the expense of another person. |
| what is a broken record? | A self-assertion technique involving repeating a request until is it acknowledge. |
| What is a social trap? | A social situation that tends to provide immediate rewards for actions that will have undesired |
| What is the tragedy of the commons? | A social trap in which individuals, each acting in his or her immediate self-interest, overuse a scarce group resource. |
| How do you escape social traps? | Rearranging rewards and costs. |
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mliu014
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