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Psychology ch. 5-7

psychology chapters 5-7

QuestionAnswer
Memory The ability to store and retrieve information over time
Encoding The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
Storage The process of maintaining information in memory over time.
retrieval The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored.
Visual Imagery Encoding The process of storing information by converting it into mental pictures.
Memory Storage the process of maintaining information in memory over time.
Sensory Memory Store The place in which sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less.
Iconic Memory A fast-decaying store of visual information.
Echoic Memory A fast-decaying store of auditory information.
Short-Term Memory Storage A place where nonsensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.
Rehearsal The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it.
Chunking Combining smaller pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory.
Working Memory Active maintenance of information in short-term storage.
Long-Term Memory Store A place in which information can be kept for hours, days, weeks, or years.
Anterograde Amnesia The inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store.
Retrograde Amnesia The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation.
Long-Term Potentiation Enhanced neural processing that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections.
Retrieval Cue External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind.
Encoding Specificity Principle The idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded.
State-Dependent Encoding The tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval.
Transfer-Appropriate Processing The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when we process information in a way that is appropriate to the retrieval cues that will be available later.
Explicit Memory The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences.
Implicit Memory The influence of past experiences on later behavior and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them.
Procedural Memory The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things.
Priming An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure tot he stimulus.
Semantic Memory A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world.
Episodic Memory The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.
Transience Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time.
Retroactive Interference Situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier.
Proactive Interference Situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier.
Absentmindedness A lapse in attention that results in memory failure.
Prospective Memory Remembering to things in the future.
Blocking A failure to retrieve information in memory even though you are trying to produce it.
Memory Misattribution Assigning a recollection or idea to the wrong source.
Source Memory Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired.
Bias The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences.
Persistence The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget.
Flashbulb Memories Detailed recollection of when and where we heard about shocking events.
Learning Some experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner.
Habituation A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding.
Classical Conditioning When a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
Unconditioned Stimulus Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism.
Unconditioned Response A reflexive reaction that s reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus A stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism.
Conditioned Response A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus.
Biological Preparedness A propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others.
Operant Conditioning A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future.
Law of Effect The principle that behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated.
Operant Behavior Behavior that an organism produces that has some kind of impact on the environment.
Reinforcer Any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it.
Punisher Any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it.
Shaping Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior.
Fixed Interval Schedule An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made.
Variable Interval Schedule An operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement.
Fixed Ratio Schedule An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made.
Variable Ratio Schedule An operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on an average number of responses.
Intermittent Reinforcement An operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement.
Intermittent Reinforcement Effect The fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforced schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement.
Latent Learning A condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future.
Observational Learning A condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others.
Cognitive Map A mental representation of the physical features of the environment.
Implicit Learning :earning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition.
Language A system for communicating with others using signals that convey meaning and are combined according to rules of grammar.
Phoneme The smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than as random noise.
Morphemes The smallest meaningful units of language.
Grammar A set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages.
Deep Structure The meaning of a sentence.
Surface Structure How a sentence is worded.
Fast Mapping The fact that children can map a word onto am underlying concept after only a single exposure.
Nativist Theory The view that language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity.
Language Acquisition Device A collection of processes that facilitate language learning.
Genetic Dysphasia A syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence.
Aphasia Difficulty in producing or comprehending language.
Concept A mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli.
Category-Specific Deficit A neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed.
Family Resemblance Theory Members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member.
Created by: 1643811756
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