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Biopsychology ~Ch.5
PSYCH-275, Brain and Behaviour
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Penfield | Mapped the motor cortex in humans using electrical stimulation |
| • An array of several micropipettes & a recording microelectrode • Measures from a single neuron • Each pipette contains a different substance; electrode records neuron's response | Microiontophoresis |
| • A large current is passed through a stimulating coil, resulting in a magnetic field that passes through the skull and is induced on the surface of the cortex | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
| T.M.S. = ? | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation has - ? (resolutions) | Good spatial resolution (compared to lesions), and excellent temporal resolution. |
| • Causes a harmless, temporary, lesion-like state | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
| When brain damage is suspected, a patient may be referred for (?) | neuropsychological testing |
| Modern approach to neuropsychological testing | Customized-Test-Battery Approach |
| Past approaches to neuropsychological testing | Single-Test Approach; Standardized-Test-Battery Approach |
| Customized-Test-Battery Approach | A common battery of tests is selected; then, a series of tests customized to each patient is selected in an effort to characterize in more detail the general symptoms revealed by the common battery |
| Tests of the Common Test Battery | Intelligence; Memory; Language; Language Lateralization |
| C.T.B. - Intelligence | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS); low scores on verbal ability tend to be associated with left hemisphere damage; right hemisphere damage tends to reduce scores on performance tests |
| C.T.B. - Memory | WAIS subtests: general knowledge (e.g. "Who is Queen Elizabeth?") & digit span (identifies the longest sequence of digits that a patient can repeat correctly 50% of the time) |
| C.T.B. - Language | WAIS verbal subtests & the token test |
| Token Test | Twenty tokens of two different shapes, two different sizes, and five different colours, are placed on table in front of the subject; examiner reads simple instructions, then harder instructions, while the subject follows; then subject reads aloud/follows. |
| C.T.B. - Language Lateralization | Used to determine which hemisphere is dominant in language-related activities; sodium amytal test; dichotic listening test |
| Sodium Amytal Test | Anesthetic sodium amytal is injected into either the left or right carotid artery in the neck, temporarily anesthetizing the ipsilateral hemisphere. Repeat later for the other side. When dominant side is frozen, subject is mute for ~2 minutes. |
| Dichotic Listening Test | Sequences of spoken digits are presented to subject through headphones; 3 digits in one ear at the same time 3 digits are presented to the other ear; then, subjects report as many of the six digits as they can |
| Original WAIS Tests - Verbal | Information; Digit Span; Vocabulary; Arithmetic; Comprehension; Similarities |
| Original WAIS Tests - Performance | Picture Completion; Picture Arrangement; Block Design; Object Assembly; Digit Symbol |
| Wisconsin Card Sorting Task is used to assess - ? | frontal-lobe function |
| Patients with damage to their frontal lobes often continue to - ? // (regarding Wisconsin Card Sorting Task) | sort on the basis of one sorting principle for 100 or more trials after it has become incorrect |
| Measures the ability to use and switch rules to accomplish a task? | Wisconsin Card Sorting Task |
| Specific Neuropsych. Function Tests for Memory: | short term memory; long term memory; explicit memory; implicit memory; episodic memory; semantic memory |
| Memory Deficit (anterograde) | affecting retention of things learned after the damage |
| Memory Deficit (retrograde) | affecting retention of things learned before the damage |
| Semantic Memory | memory for knowledge of the world |
| Episodic Memory | memory for personal experiences |
| Explicit Memory | memories for which the patient is aware and can thus express verbally |
| Implicit Memory | memories that are demonstrated by the improved performance of the patient without the patient being conscious of them |
| Phonology | rules governing the sound of the language |
| Syntax | the grammar of the language |
| Semantics | the meaning of the language |
| Difficulties pronouncing words that don't follow rules of pronunciation; or complete loss of the ability to apply the rules of pronunciation, are common in some ________ patients. | dyslexic |
| Simple cognitive processes, mediated by a particular area of the brain: | Constituent Cognitive Processes |
| 'Difference images' are derived by the - ? | paired-image subtraction technique |
| Default Mode | The substantial brain activity recorded when human subjects sit quietly and let their minds wander |
| Default Mode Network | medial and lateral parietal cortex; medial frontal/pre-frontal cortex; and lateral temporal cortex |
| Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behaviour | (1) paradigms of species-common behaviours • (2) traditional conditioning paradigms • (3) semi-natural animal learning paradigms |
| Species-common Behaviours | Those that are displayed by virtually all members of a species, or at least by all those of the same age and sex. |
| Open-Field Test (species-common behaviours) | subject is placed in an a large, barren chamber, and its activity is recorded; it is also common to count the number of 'boluses' (pieces of excrement) |
| (open-field test) Low activity scores and high bolus counts are frequently used as indicators of? | fearfulness |
| Fearful rats are highly ___________; that is, they rarely venture away from the walls of the test chamber, and rarely engage in such activities as rearing and grooming. | thigmotaxic |
| Tests of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviour (species-common behaviours) | colony-intruder paradigm; elevated plus maze |
| Aggressive behaviour in rats (colony-intruder paradigm) | pilo-erection (hair-raising); lateral approach; and flank/back-biting |
| Conspecific | adjective; (of animals or plants) belonging to the same species. |
| Elevated plus maze (defensive behaviours in rats) | '+' shaped maze; mounted above the floor; two enclosed arms & two open arms; rats with high anxiety spend less time in the open arms of the maze |
| Sexual Behaviour (in rats) - (species-common behaviours) | lordosis; intromission • if female is receptive, she assumes lordosis posture, and the male intromits; after ~10 cycles of mounting, intromitting, and dismounting, the male mounts, intromits, and ejaculates |
| Three common measures of male rat sexual behaviour: | number of mounts required to achieve intromission; the number of intromissions required to achieve ejaculation; and the interval between ejaculation and the re-initiation of mounting |
| Lordosis Quotient | most common measure of female rat sexual behaviour • "The proportion of mounts that elicit lordosis." |
| Traditional Conditioning Paradigms | Pavlovian conditioning; operant conditioning; self stimulation paradigm; |
| Pavlovian Conditioning Terms | Conditional Stimulus (CS), Unconditional Stimulus (US), Unconditional Response (UR), Conditional Response (CR) |
| Pavlovian Conditioning - | US -> UR •//• CS + (US -> UR) •//• CS -> CR |
| Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning | The rate at which a particular voluntary response is emitted is increased by 'reinforcement' and decreased by 'punishment' |
| Involves a response between a RESPONSE and a stimulus - ? | Operant Conditioning |
| Memory Paradigms | Radial Arm Maze; Morris Water Maze |
| Semi-natural Animal Learning Paradigms | Conditioned Taste Aversion; Conditioned Defensive Burying |
| Radial Arm Maze | some arms are consistently baited with food; arms are identical, therefore, rats must rely on external room cues, and their performance can be disrupted by rotation of the maze r by changes in the appearance of the room; measures spatial memory |
| Morris Water Maze | rats are placed in a circular, featureless pool of cool milky water, in which they must swim until they discover |
| Conditioned Taste Aversion | avoidance of of food whose consumption has been followed by illness |
| Conditioned Defensive Burying | after a single aversive stimulus from an object mounted on the wall of the test chamber, almost every rat learns that the object is a threat and responds by flinging bedding material at the test object with its head and forepaws |
| Emetic - | nausea-inducing drug; used in conditioned taste aversion experiments |
| Neophobic - | afraid of new things ("Rats and many other animals are neophobic; thus, when encountering a new food, they consume it only in small quantities.") |
| How quickly can a taste aversion be conditioned in rats? | In one trial, reliably, presuming that the taste is unfamiliar; familiar tastes can also develop conditioned aversions, but typically require more than one trial |
| Repetition Priming Tests | used to test explicit memory |
| PET and fMRI studies almost always employ the ______. | paired-image subtraction technique |
| The most common test of an anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) drug is ______. | Elevated Plus Maze |
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MasterShake
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