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Learning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Classical Conditioning (Pavlonian Conditioning) | a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals and unconditioned response begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned response (UCS) |
| Behaviorism | the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes |
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) | In classical conditioning, the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) EX: Salivation |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | The learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| Acquisition | The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associationg a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned respons. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response |
| Extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response |
| Generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
| Discrimination | the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| Respondent Behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinners term for behavior learned through classical conditioning |
| Operant Behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
| Law of Effect | Thorndikes principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behavior followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers divide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal |
| Primary Reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement | Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
| Fixed Ratio Schedule | A scedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| Variable Ratio Schedule | A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
| Fixed Interval Schedule | A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
| Variable Interval Schedule | A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| Punishment | An event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
| Latent Learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| Overjustification Effect | The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do |
| Intrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective |
| Extrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment |
| Behavior Therapy | Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors |
| Counterconditioning | A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors |
| Exposure Therapies | Behavioral techniques such as systematic desensitization that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid |
| Systematic Desensitization | A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggered stimuli. Used to treat phobias |
| Aversive Conditioning | A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior |
| Token Economy | an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior. A patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned by exhibiting a desired behavior, for various priveleges and treats |
| Modeling | The process of obsereving and imitating a specific behavior |
| Mirror Neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. May enable imitation, language learning, and empathy |
Created by:
CaitlynAC
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