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Psych Exam II: text
textbook questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anxiety | a fundamental human emotion that produces bodily reactions that prepare us for "fight or flight"; anxiety is anticipatory; the dreaded event or situation has not yet occurred |
| anxiety disorder | fear or anxiety symptoms that interfere with an individual's day-to-day functioning |
| panic attack | intense fear accompanied by symptoms such as a pounding heart, trembling, shortness of breath, or fear of losing control or dying. |
| 3 types of panic attacks | situationally bound (before or during exposure), situationally predisposed (when encountering feared situation), unexpected/uncued (spontaneously and without warning) |
| 4 major anxiety disorder groups | phobias, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder |
| Serotonin transporter gene | 5-HTTLPR |
| phobia | strong, persistent, unwarranted fear of specific object or situation |
| 3 categories of phobias in DSM-IV | agoraphobia, social phobias, specific phobias |
| social phobia | intense, excessive fear of being scrutinized in one or more social or performance actions |
| exposure therapy | therapy that involves gradually introducing the patient to increasingly difficult encounters with feared situation |
| systematic desensitization | exposure strategy that uses muscle relaxation to reduce the anxiety associated with specific and social phobias |
| cognitive restructuring | cognitive strategy that attempts to alter unrealistic thoughts that are believed to be responsible for phobias |
| modeling therapy | procedures that include filmed modeling, live modeling, and participant modeling effective in treating certain phobias |
| panic disorder | recurrent unexpected panic attacks and at least one month of apprehension over having another attack or worrying about the consequences of an attack |
| agoraphobia | intense fear of being in public places where escape or help may not be readily available |
| generalized anxiety disorder | persistent, high levels of anxiety and excessive worry over many life circumstances that are present on more days than not for more than six months |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions |
| obsession | intrusive, repetitive thought or image that produces anxiety |
| compulsion | need to perform acts or to dwell on thoughts to reduce anxiety |
| 4 types of OCD | harm-related, sexual, aggressive, and/or religious obsession with checking compulsions; symmetry obsessions with arranging and repeating compulsions; contamination obsessions with cleaning compulsions; hoarding and saving compulsions |
| flooding | continued actual or imagined exposure to fear-arousing situation at high anxiety level |
| dissociative disorders | dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, depersonalization disorder -- all involve dissociation of a part of the person's consciousness, memory, or identity. |
| somatoform disorders | disorders involving physical symptoms or complaints with no physiological basis |
| dissociative amnesia | partial or total loss of important personal information, sometimes occurring suddenly after a stressful or traumatic event, due to psychological factors |
| localized amnesia | failure to recall all the events that happened in a specific short period, often centered on some highly painful or disturbing event |
| selective amnesia | inability to remember certain details of an incident |
| generalized amnesia | complete loss of memory of the individual's entire life |
| systematized amnesia | loss of memory for certain categories of information |
| continuous amnesia | inability to recall any events that have happened between a specific time in the past and a present time |
| dissociative fugue (or fugue state) | confusion over personal identity, often involving the partial or complete assumption of a new identity, accompanied by unexpected travel away from home |
| depersonalization disorder | characterized by feelings of unreality concerning the self and the environment |
| dissociative identity disorder | a condition in which two or more relatively independent personalities appear to exist in one person; MPD |
| malingering | faking a disorder to achieve a specific goal |
| factitious disorders | mental disorders in which the symptoms of physical or mental illness are deliberately induced or simulated with no apparent incentive |
| somatization disorder | disorder involving chronic complaints of specific bodily symptoms that have no physical basis |
| undifferentiated somatoform disorder | diagnosis given an individual who does not fully meet the criteria for somatization disorder but who has at least one physical complaint of six months' duration |
| conversion disorder | physical problems or impairments in sensory or motor functioning controlled by the voluntary nervous system that suggest a neurological disorder but without an underlying organic cause |
| pain disorder | characterized by reports of severe pain that appear to have no physiological or neurological basis, that are in excess of what would be expected from an existing physical condition, or that linger long after a physical injury has healed |
| hypochondriasis | persistent preoccupation with one's health and physical condition, even in the face of physical evaluations that reveal no organic problems |
| body dysmorphic disorder | preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance in a normal-appearing person or an excessive concern over a slight physical defect |
| stressors | external events or situations that place a physical or psychological demand on a person |
| stress | internal psychological or physiological response to a stressor |
| acute stress disorder | disorder characterized by anxiety and dissociative symptoms that occur within one month after exposure to a traumatic stressor |
| post-traumatic stress disorder | disorder characterized by anxiety, dissociative, and other symptoms that last for more than one month and that occur as a result of exposure to extreme trauma |
| psychophysiological disorder | any physical disorder that has a strong psychological basis or component |
| coronary heart disease | the narrowing of cardiac arteries, resulting in the restriction or partial blockage of the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart |
| essential hypertension | a chronic condition characterized by blood pressure of 140 over 90 or higher |
| migraine headaches | moderate to severe pain resulting from constriction of the cranial arteries followed by dilation of the cerebral blood vessels |
| tension headaches | produced by prolonged contraction of the scalp and neck muscles, resulting in vascular constriction and steady pain |
| cluster headaches | excruciating stabbing or burning sensations located in the eye or cheek |
| asthma | chronic inflammatory disease of the airwaves in the lungs |
| general adaptive syndrome | a three-stage model for understanding the body's physical and psychological reactions to biological stressors: alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
| relaxation training | therapeutic technique in which a person acquires the ability to relax the muscles of the body in almost any circumstances |
| biofeedback training | a therapeutic approach that combines physiological and behavioral approaches, in which a patient receives information regarding particular autonomic functions and is rewarded for influencing those functions in a desired direction |
| personality disorder | a disorder characterized by inflexible, long-standing, and maladaptive personality traits that cause significant functional impairment, subjective distress, or a combination of both for the individual |
| paranoid personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by unwarranted suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, and a reluctance to trust others |
| schizoid personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by social isolation, emotional coldness, and indifference to others |
| schizotypal personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by peculiar thoughts and behaviors and by poor interpersonal relationships |
| antisocial personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by a failure to conform to social and legal codes, by a lack of anxiety and guilt, and by irresponsible behaviors |
| borderline personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by intense fluctuations in mood, self-image, and interpersonal relationships |
| histrionic personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by self-dramatization, exaggerated expression of emotions, and attention-seeking behaviors |
| narcissistic personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance, an exploitative attitude, and a lack of empathy |
| avoidant personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by a fear of rejection and humiliation and a reluctance to enter into social relationships |
| dependent personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by reliance on others and an unwillingness to assume responsibility |
| obsessive-compulsive personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by perfectionism, a tendency to be interpersonally controlling, devotion to details, and rigidity |
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