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Med term chapt 7
cardiovascular
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| angi/o | vessel |
| vas/o | vessel |
| vascul/o | vessel |
| aor/o | aorta |
| arteri/o | artery |
| ather/o | fatty (lipid) paste |
| atri/o | atrium |
| cardi/o | heart |
| coron/o | circle or crown |
| my/o | muscle |
| pector/o | chest |
| steth/o | chest |
| sphygm/o | pulse |
| thrombo | clot |
| ven/o | vein |
| phleb/o | vein |
| varic/o | swollen, twisted vein |
| ventricul/o | ventricle (belly or pouch) |
| atrium | upper right and left chambers of the heart |
| endocardium | membrane lining the cavities of the heart |
| epicardium | membrane forming the outer layer of the heart |
| interatrial septum | partition between right and left atrium |
| interventricular septum | partition between right and left ventricle |
| myocardium | heart muscle |
| pericardium | protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid between |
| parietal pericardium | outer layer (parietal: pertaining to wall) |
| pericardial cavity | fluid |
| filled cavity between the pericardial layers | |
| visceral pericardium | layer closest to the heart (visceral: pertaining to organ) |
| ventricle | lower right and left chambers of the heart |
| heart valves | structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one |
| way flow of blood | |
| aortic valve | heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta |
| mitral or bicuspid valve | heart valve between the left atrium and left ventricle (cuspis: point) |
| pulmonary semilunar valve | heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery (lune: moon) |
| tricuspid valve | valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle |
| valves of the veins | valves located at intervals within the lining of veins, especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart |
| arteries | vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles |
| aorta | large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle |
| arterioles | small vessels that receive blood from the arteries |
| capillaries | tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules |
| venules | small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins |
| veins | vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules |
| systemic circulation | circulation of blood throughout the body through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues |
| coronary circulation | circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue |
| pulmonary circulation | circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gases |
| diastole | to expand; period in the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria |
| systole | to contract; period in the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and pulmonary artery |
| normotension | normal blood pressure |
| hypotension | low blood pressure |
| hypertension | high blood pressure |
| sinoatrial node (SA node) | the pacemaker; highly specialized neurological tissue, embedded in the wall of the right atrium, responsible for initiating electrical conduction of heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and firing conduction of impulses to the AV node |
| atrioventricular node | neurological tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from SA node to the bundle of His |
| bundle of His | neurological fibers, extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches, that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers |
| purkinje fibers | fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract |
| polarization | resting; resting state of a myocardial cell |
| depolarization | change of a myocardial cell from a polarized (resting) state to a state of contraction (de: not; polarization: resting) |
| repolarization | recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state (re: again; polarization: resting) |
| normal sinus rhythm (NSR) | regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node (average rate of 60 to 100 beats/minute) |
| arteriosclerosis | thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of the arterial walls) |
| atherosclerosis | buildup of fatty substances within the walls of arteries |
| arheromatous plaque | a swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fat (lipids) |
| thrombus | a stationary blood clot |
| embolus | a clot (e.g., air, fat, foreign object) carried in the bloodstream that obstructs when it lodges (embolus: a stopper) |
| stenosis | condition of narrowing of a part |
| constriction | compression of a part |
| occlusion | plugging; obstruction or a closing off |
| ischemia | to hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel |
| perfusion deficit | a lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion, etc. |
| infarct | to stuff; a localized area of necrosis (condition of tissue death) caused by ischemia as a result of occlusion of a blood vessel |
| angina pectoris | chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries (angine: to choke) |
| aneurysm | a widening; bulging of the wall of the heart, the aorta, or an artery caused by congenital defect or acquired weakness |
| saccular | a saclike bulge on one side |
| fusiform | a spindleshaped bulge |
| dissecting | a split or tear of the vessel wall |
| claudication | to limp; pain in a limb (especially the calf) while walking that subsides after rest; it is caused by inadequate blood supply |
| diaphoresis | profuse sweating |
| heart murmur | an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves |
| palpitation | subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats |
| vegetation | to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally a result of an infection such as bacterial endocarditis |
| arrhythmia | any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat |
| dysrhythmia | |
| bradycardia | slow heart rate (<60 beats/minute) |
| fibrillation | chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation |
| flutter | extremely rapid but regular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular flutter (typically from 250 to 350 beats/minute) |
| heart block | an interference with the normal electrical conduction of the heart defined by the location of the block (e.g., AV block) |
| premature ventricular contraction (PVC) | a ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node (pacemaker) |
| tachycardia | fast heart rate (>100 beats/minute) |
| arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) | a degenerative condition of the arteries characterized by thickening of the inner lining, loss of elasticity, and susceptibility to rupture—seen most often in the aged or smokers |
| bacterial endocarditis | a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves |
| cardiac tamponade | compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac as results from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart (tampon: a plug) |
| cardiomyopathy | a general term for disease of the heart muscle [e.g., alcoholic cardiomyopathy (damage to the heart muscle caused excessive consumption of alcohol)] |
| congenital anomaly of the heart | malformations of the heart present at birth (anomaly: irregularity) |
| atrial septal defect (ASD) | an opening in the septum separating the atria) |
| coarctation of the aorta | narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body |
| patent ductus arterious (PDA) | an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by the failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth (patent: open) |
| tetralogy of Fallot | anormaly that consists 4 defects: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, malposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy, blood bypasses pulmonary circulation and deoxygenated blood goes to the systemic circulation, results in cyanosis |
| ventricular septal defect (VSD) | an opening in the septum separating the ventricles |
| congestive heart failure (CHF) | failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in a “bottleneck” of congestion in the lungs that may extend to the veins, causing edema in lower portions of the body |
| cor pulmonale | a condition of enlargement of the right ventricle as a result of chronic disease within the lungs that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to the lungs (cor: heart) |
| coronary artery disease (CAD) | a condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood and delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium, most often caused by atherosclerosis |
| hypertension (HTN) | persistently high blood pressure |
| essential (primary) hypertension | high blood pressure attributed to no single cause, but risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia, and hereditary factors |
| secondary hypertension | high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease (e.g., kidney disease) |
| mitral valve prolapse (MVP) | protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood |
| myocardial infarction (MI) | heart attack; death of myocardial tissue (infarction) due to loss of blood flow (ischemia) b/c of an occlusion of a coronary artery, usually caused by atherosclerosis |
| myocarditis | inflammation of the myocardium most often caused by viral or bacterial infection |
| pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium |
| phlebitis | inflammation of a vein |
| rheumatic heart disease | damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever (a streptococcal infection) |
| thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation varicose veins abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves, most often seen in the legs |
| deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most often in the femoral and iliac veins |
| auscultation | a physical examination method of listening to sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope (e.g., auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds) |
| bruit | noise; an abnormal heart sound caused by turbulence within |
| gallop | an abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction |
| electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) | an electrical picture of the heart represented by positive and negative deflections on a graph labeled with letters P, Q, R, S and T. corresponding to events of the cardiac cycle |
| stress electrocardiogram | an ECG of the heart recorded during the induction o controlled physical exercise using a treadmill or ergometer (bicycle); useful in detecting conditions such as ischemia and infarction |
| Holter ambulatory monitor | a portable electrocardiograph worn by the patient that monitors electrical activity of the heart over 24 hours, useful in detecting periodic abnormalities |
| intracardiac electrophysiological study (EPS) | invasive procedure involving placement of catheter |
| intracardiac catheter ablation | may be performed at the same time to treat the arrhythmia guided electrodes within the heart to evaluate and map the electrical conduction of cardiac arrhythmias; |
| intracardiac catheter ablation | use of radiofrequency waves sent through a catheter within the heart to treat arrhythmias by selectively destroying myocardial tissue at sites generating abnormal electrical pathways |
| magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) | magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and blood vessels for evaluation of pathology |
| nuclear medicine imaging of the heart | radionuclide organ imaging of the heart after administration of radioactive isotopes to visualize structures and analyze functions |
| myocardial radionuclide perfusion stress scan | a nuclear scan of the heart taken after the induction of controlled physical exercise via treadmill or bicycle or administration of a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress in patients unable to ambulate |
| positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the heart | use of nuclear isotopes and computed tomography techniques to produce perfusion (blood flow) images and study the cellular metabolism of the heart; can be taken at rest or with stress |
| radiology | e-ray imaging |
| angiography | an x-ray of a blood vessel after injection of contrast medium |
| angiogram | a record obtained by angiography |
| coronary angiogram | an x-ray of the blood vessels of the heart |
| arteriogram | an x-ray of a particular artery (e.g., coronary arteriogram, renal arteriogram) |
| aortogram | an x-ray of the aorta |
| venogram | an x-ray of a vein |
| cardiac catheterization | introduction of a flexible, narrow tube or catheter through a vein or artery into the heart |
| left heart catheterization | an x ray of the left ventricular cavity and coronary arteries |
| right heart catheterization | measurement of oxygen saturation and pressure readings of the right side of the heart |
| ventriculogram | an x ray visualizing the ventricles |
| stroke volume (SV) | measurement of the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction |
| cardiac output (CO) | measurement of the amount of blood ejected from either ventricle of the heart per minute |
| ejection fraction | measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction |
| sonography | sonographic imaging |
| echocardiography (ECHO) | recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate structure and motion |
| stress echocardiogram (stress ECHO) | echocardiogram of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise via treadmill or bicycle or administration of a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress |
| transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) | an echocardiographic image of the heart after placement of an ultrasonic transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus |
| Doppler sonography | an ultrasound technique used to evaluate blood flow to determine the presence of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or carotid insufficiency, or flow through the heart, chambers, valves, etc. |
| intravascular sonography | ultrasound images made after a sonographic transducer is placed at the tip of a catheter within a blood vessel, done to evaluate pathological conditions such as buildup of plaque |
| coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | grafting of a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another part of the body to bypass an occluded coronary artery, restoring circulation to myocardial tissue |
| anastomosis | opening; joining of two blood vessels to allow flow from one to the other |
| endarterectomy | incision and coring of the lining of an artery to clear a blockage caused by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque buildup (e.g., carotid endarterectomy) |
| transmyocardial revascularization (TMR) | a laser technique used to open tiny channels in the heart muscle to restore blood flow, thereby relieving angina in patients with advanced coronary artery disease; an option for patients not treatable with angioplasty or coronary artery bypass |
| valve replacement | surgery to replace a diseased heart valve with an artificial one |
| Types of artificial valves | tissue: most commonly made from animal tissue such as porcine (pig) or bovine (cow) mechanical: made form synthetic material |
| valvuloplasy | repair of a heart valve |
| endovascular surgery | interventional procedures performed endoscopically at the time of cardiac catheterization |
| angioscopy | use of a flexible fiberoptic angioscope accompanied by an irrigation system, a camera, a video recorder, and a monitor that is guided through a specific blood vessel to visually assess a lesion and select the mode of therapy |
| atherectomy | excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup |
| percutaneious transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | a method of treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter with a balloon attachment, most often includes placement of a stent |
| intravascular stent | implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a vessel and ensure its patency (openness), most often used to treat a stenosis or a dissection (a split or tear in the wall of a vessel) or to reinforce patency of a vessel after angioplasty |
| defibrillation | termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivery of an electrical stimulus to the heart |
| defibrillator | a device that delivers the electrical stimulus in defibrillation |
| cardioversion | termination of tachycardia either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical energy |
| implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) | an implanted, battery operated device with the rate sensing leads that monitors cardiac impulses and initiates an electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia |
| pacemaker | a device used to treat slow heart rates (bradycardia) by electrically stimulating the heart to contract |
| thrombolytic therapy | dissolution of thrombi using drugs [e.g., streptokinase, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)] |
| angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor | a drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensin in the blood by the angiotensin-converting enzyme; used in the treatment of hypertension |
| antiarrhythmic | a drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia |
| anticoagulant | a drug that prevents clotting of the blood commonly used in treating thrombophlebitis and myocardial infarction |
| antihypertensive | a drug that lowers blood pressure |
| beta | |
| adrenergic agents (beta blockers) | agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity causing a slowing of electrical conduction and heart rate and a lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels; used to treat angina pectoris and hypertension |
| calcium channel blockers | agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions in heart muscle cells causing a slowing of the heart rate, lessening the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation |
| cardiotonic | a drug that increases the force of myocardial contractions in the heart commonly used to treat congestive heart failure |
| diuretic | a drug that increases the secretion of urine commonly prescribed in treating hypertension |
| hypolipidemic | a drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol |
| statins | agents that lower cholesterol in the blood by inhibiting the effect of HMG-CoA reductase, a liver enzyme responsible for producing cholesterol |
| thrombolytic agents | drugs used to dissolve thrombi (blood clots) (e.g., streptokinase, tissue plasminogen activator [TPA or tPA]) |
| vasoconstrictor | a drug that causes narrowing of the blood vessels, decreasing blood flow |
| vasodilator | a drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, increasing blood flow |
| ACE | angiotensin-converting enzyme |
| ASD | atrial septal defect |
| ASHD | arteriosclerotic heart disease |
| AV | atrioventricular |
| BP | blood pressure |
| CABG | coronary artery bypass graft |
| CAD | coronary artery disease |
| CHF | congestive heart failure |
| CO | cardiac output |
| DVT | deep vein thrombosis |
| ECG, EKG | electrocardiogram |
| ECHO | echocardiography |
| EPS | electrophysiological study |
| HTN | hypertension |
| ICD | implantable cardioverter-defibrillator |
| MI | myocardial infarction |
| MRA | magnetic resonance angiography |
| MVP | mitral valve prolapse |
| NSR | normal sinus rhythm |
| PDA | patent ductus arteriosus |
| PET | positron emission tomography |
| PTCA | percuaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
| PVC | premature ventricular contraction |
| SA | stroke volume |
| TEE | transesophageal echocardiogram |
| TMR | transmyocardial revascularization |
| tPA, TPA | tissue plasminogen activator |
| VSD | ventricular septal defect |
Created by:
Kachmiel
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