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PS 334 Chp. 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do you call individuals who are about the same age or maturity level? | Peers |
| What functions do peer groups serve? | Provides a source of information about the world outside of the family and gives feedback about abilities. |
| What three individual difference factors that have been found to impact the nature of peer interactions? | 1. Personality Traits 2. Negative Emotionality 3. How open a peer is to influence |
| How does time spent with peers change across middle childhood, late childhood, and adolescence? | It increases. |
| ___________ _____________ is linked with many forms of problems and disorders, ranging from delinquency and problem drinking to depression. | Social Isolation |
| Both Piaget and Sullivan stressed that it is through peer interaction that children and adolescents learn the ____________________ _____________________mode of relationships. | Symmetrical Reciprocity |
| What are some of the negative peer influences that have been found in recent studies? | Being rejected or overlooked by peers. |
| According to Smetana’s research, both parents and adolescents feel that parents have little authority over which area(s) of the adolescent’s life? In which area(s) of the adolescent’s life are parents considered to have more authority? | Less authority in peer relations and choices they make and more authority in moral, religious, and educational arenas. |
| What are some of the ways the worlds of parents and peers are connected? | Parents' choices of neighborhoods, churches, schools, and their own friends. |
| How is attachment to parents related to peer relations in adolescence? | Adolescents securely attached to parents were securely attached to peers while adolescents insecurely attached to parents were insecurely attached to peers. |
| When (what grade level) is the conformity of adolescents to the social behavior of peers the strongest? | 8th and 9th grade |
| Are U.S. adolescents more or less likely than Japanese adolescents to put pressure on their peers to resist parental influence? | MORE |
| Which adolescents are most likely to conform to peers? | Those uncertain about their social identity. |
| The extent to which children and adolescents are liked or disliked by their peer group. | Sociometric Status |
| What five types of peer statuses have been identified by developmental psychologists? | Popular children, average children, neglected children, rejected children, and controversial children. |
| What are some of the social skills of popular children that contribute to their being well liked? | They give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, control their negative emotions, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited. |
| How is a sociometric status typically assessed? | By asking children to rate how much they like or dislike each of their classmates. |
| Typically, do rejected children have more or less serious adjustment problems than do neglected children? | MORE |
| What is the best predictor of whether rejected children will engage in delinquent behavior or drop out of school later during adolescence? | Aggression toward peers in elementary school. |
| What three reasons does Coie (2004) provide to explain why aggressive peer-rejected boys have problems in social relationships? | More impulsive/trouble paying attention, more emotionally reactive, and fewer social skills. |
| Kenneth Dodge (1993) has found that aggressive boys are more likely to perceive another child’s actions as ______________________ when the peer’s intention is ambiguous. | Hostile |
| The use of a combination of techniques, rather than a single approach, to improve adolescents' social skills; also called coaching. | Conglomerate Strategies |
| How can neglected adolescents be trained to interact more effectively with their peers? | By teaching them to attract peers in positive ways. |
| How can rejected adolescents be trained to interact more effectively with their peers? | By teaching them to listen to peers. |
| Social-skills training programs have generally been more successful with children ________years of age or younger than with adolescents. | 10 |
| What are the six main functions of friendships according to Gottman and Parker (1987)? | Companionship, stimulation, physical support, ego support, social comparison, and intimacy/affection. |
| How do friendships in adolescence differ from friendships in childhood? | Friendships in adolescence are more intimate and in smaller groups. |
| Is there a sex difference in the gossip aspect of friendship in adolescence? | More common in girls than boys. |
| How do friendships and close relationships in adolescence and emerging adulthood often differ? | Number decreases. |
| In most research studies, this concept is defined narrowly as self-disclosure, or sharing of private thoughts. | Intimacy in Friendship |
| The most consistent finding in the last two decades of research on adolescent friendships is that ______________________ is an important feature of friendship. | Intimacy |
| What is the tendency to associate with similar others called? | Homophily |
| Are adolescents who interact with older youths more or less likely to engage in delinquent behavior or early sexual behavior? | MORE |
| Chronic _________________ is linked with impaired physical and mental health. | Loneliness |
| Cutrona (1982) found that two weeks after the school year began, _____________ percent of college freshmen felt lonely at least part of the time. | 75 |
| How do childhood groups differ from adolescent groups? | Childhood groups are not as formalized. |
| Small groups that range from 2 to about 12 individuals and average about 5 to 6 individuals. Members are usually of the same sex and are similar to age. | Cliques |
| Larger than cliques and less personal. | Crowds |
| What is the largest youth organization in the United States? | 4-H |
| Describe the general differences between adolescents who join youth organizations in the United States and those who do not. | Those who join have higher self-esteem, higher income, and more education. |
| Describe gender differences in peer groups with regard to group size and interaction in same-sex groups. | Boys have larger groups than girls. Girls won't interact as aggressive as boys do. |
| What culture differences have been found in adolescent peer relations? | In some cultures, adults restrict access to peers. |
| Historically, when did dating as we know it become a reality? Even then, what was its primary role? | 1920s and its primary role was for marriage. |
| In sexual minority youth, what is the average age of initial same-sex activity for females and males? Is the initial sexual partner likely to be of the same sex or of the opposite sex? | Females = 14 to 18. Males = 13 to 15. OPPOSITE. |
| Researchers have found that early dating and “going with” someone are linked with _____________ ______________ and problems at home and school. | Adolescent Pregnancy |
| Romantic love (which characterizes most adolescent love) is also called passionate love or _____________. | Eros |
| The cognitive models that adolescents and adults use to guide and evaluate dating interactions. | Dating Scripts |
Created by:
gmoore730
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