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Chp 2 Psych

QuestionAnswer
Naturalistic Observation Observation of the behavior of people or other animals in their natural element.
Clinical Observation Observation of people or animals while they are undergoing diagnosis or treatment.
Correlational Studies The examination between 2 or more measurements of behavior or other characteristics of people or other animals.
Hypothesis A statement designed to be tested by an experiment, tentatively expresses a cause-and-effect relationship between 2 or more events.
Theory A set of statements designed to explain a set of phenomena, more encompassing than a hypothesis.
Case Studies A detailed description of an individuals behavior during the course of clinical treatment or diagnosis.
Survey A study of people's responses to standardized questions.
Variable Anything capable of assuming any of several values.
Manipulation Setting the values of an independent variable in an experiment to see whether the value of another variable is affected.
Independent Variable The variable that is manipulated in an experiment as a means of determining cause-and-effect relations. (cause)
Dependent Variable The variable measured in an experiment and hypothesized to be affected by the independent variable. (effect)
Experimental Group The group of participants in an experiment that is exposed to a particular value of the independent variable which has been manipulated by the experimenter.
Control Group A comparison group used in an experiment, the members of which are exposed to the naturally occurring or zero value of the independent zero.
Operational Definition Definition of a variable in terms of the operations the researcher performs to measure or manipulate it.
Validity The degree to which the operational definition of a variable accurately reflects the variable if it is designed to measure or manipulate.
Confounding Variables Inadvertent simultaneous manipulation of more than variable. The results of an experiment in which variables are confounded permit no valid conclusions about cause and effect.
Response Bias Responding to a questionnaire in a way that is not genuine or honest but in some other irrelevant way.
Reliability The repeatibility of a measurement; the likelihood that if measured again it would yield the same value.
Placebo An ineffectual treatment used as the control substance in a single-blind or double-blind experiment.
Single Blind Study Experiment in which the researcher knows the value of the independent variable but participants do not.
Double Blind Study An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows the value of the independent variable.
Replication Repetition of an experiment or observational study in an effort to see whether previous results will be obtained, ensures that incorrect conclusions are weeded out.
Sample A selection of elements representative of a larger population.
Larger Population The broad spectrum of various people.
Generalize To extend the results obtained from a sample to the population from which the sample was taken.
Descriptive Statistics Mathematical procedures for organizing collections of data.
Measure of Central Tendency Astatical measure used to characterize the value of items in a sample of numbers. (mean, median)
Mean A measure of central tendency the sum of a group of values divided by their #s.
Median The mid pt. of a group of values arranged numerically.
Measures of Variability A statistic that expresses the degree to which scores in a set of numbers differ from one another. (Range, standard deviation)
Range The difference between the highest score and the lowest score of sample.
Standard Deviation A statistic that expresses the variability of a measurement; square root of avg. of squared deviations from the mean.
Inferential Statistics Mathematical and logical procedures for determining whether relations or differences between samples are statistically significant.
Statistical Significance The likelihood that an observed relation or difference between two variables really exists rather than being due to chance factors.
Created by: 1298809275
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