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wcc bones
wccvet tech bones term 2
| term | definition |
|---|---|
| osteology | study of bone (osseous) tissues and their development |
| skeletal sys function | protection, support and rigidity assits with movement; storage area for minerals, site for blood formation |
| composition | 1/3 organic, osteoblasts, osteocytes |
| osteoblasts | resposible for formation of osteoid tissue; secretea phosphatase; cells divide readily; held in reserve in periosteum and endosteum |
| osteocytes | mature osteoblasts; non-dividing cells; maintain bone and lvng tiss; live in lacunae |
| osteoclasts | respon for breakdown and reabsorb bone; help model and shape healing bones; provide Ca; composed of collagen fibers and gelatinous grd substanc |
| inorganic | 1/2 - 1/3 of bone by weight; minerals give hardness and rigidity; consist mainly of phosphorous and calcium in eq port |
| ossification | formation of true bone by deposition of Ca in a matrix of osteoid tiss |
| Center of ossification | locatlized center of bone formation |
| articular cartilage | thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis where 2 bony surfaces meet |
| epiphysis | ends of long bones |
| epiphyseal plate | growth plate for endochondral ossificaiton |
| open growth plate | growth is still occuring |
| closed growth plate | growth has stopped |
| metaphysis | widenened area bet the diaphysis and the epiphysis |
| diaphysis | shaft of the long bone |
| periosteum | skin of the bone; thin translucent white connect tiss membrane covers the outside of the cortex |
| periosteum function | osteoblasts for healing; blood vesselss; point of attachement for ligaments and tendons; rich nerve supply |
| medullary cavity | space w/in the bone which contains marrow |
| cortex | outer layer of bone; compact bone=dense bone |
| endosteum | thin connect tiss membrane lines the inside of the medullary cavity; contain osteoblasts |
| bone marrow | contained w/in the medullary cavity |
| red marrow | hematopoietic tiss respons for prod of RBC's and WBC's and platelets; adults only found at end of some long bones and flat bones |
| yellow marrow | fatty tiss found in older animal after red marrow ceases to function |
| compact bone | dense bone, forms outer layer of all bones, develops in response to stress on bone, thickens with age |
| compact bone process | haversian sys |
| cancellous bone | spongy bone; interior of bones, more porous, spicules arranged to form a network |
| long bones | bones of limbs (appendicular) longer then wide; function as levers, grows at epiphyseal plat |
| short bones | carpus/tarsus; cube shaped; spongy with thin layer of compact; absorb concussion |
| flat bones | thin flat; 2 plats of compact with a thin layer of spongy bone b/w them; protect vital organs; muscle attachment |
| irregular bones | vertebrae, ear bones |
| sesamoids | patella, fabella resembe sesame seeds; found w/in some tendons |
| pneumatic bones | sinuses, avian; contain air spaces; avian/ appendicular bones |
| articular surface | joint surface where end of 2 bones contact; covered with articular cartilage |
| articular forms | head; rounded articular suf on the proximal end of the long bone; neck; narrower area distal to the head; condyle; cylindrical or spool shaped articular surface; facet; flat articular surface; depression areas that articulate w projections on other bones |
| non-articular surface | not part of a joint, muscle attachement or passageways for vessels |
| foramen | hole in the bone; soft tissue passes through |
| fossa | depressed area occupied by muscles and/or tendons |
| processes | projection from the surf of a bone, often rough for muscle/endon attahcment |
| articular | depressions, acetabulum, glenoid cavity; projections, femoral head, dens |
| non-articular | depression, foramen; projections, processes, tuberosit, spine, neck, trochanter |
| axial | bones that are either on the midline or attached at midline |
| appendicular | bones of the limbs |
| axial skeleton | cranium |
| foramen magnum | hole w/in the occipital bone thru with spine cord passes |
| temperomandibular joint | articulation b/t cranium and mandible |
| facial bones | maxillary and incisive bones (upper jaw); mandible lower jaw |
| spinal column | struture of vertebra; 7 cervical; 12-15 thoracic; 5-7 lumbar; sacral 3-5 (fused to sacrum); coccygeal (tail) |
| c1 | atlas; support skull |
| c2 | axis; peglike process on it crainial aspect the articulates with the atlas |
| c3-c7 | cylindrical, short spinous and tranvers processeses |
| ribs | form rib cage to protect thoracic organs; ventral porition is made of cartilage |
| costochondral junction | bone-cartilage junction at ribs |
| sternum | breastbone, keel; ventral midline of thorax |
| manubrium | most anterior sternal bone |
| xiphoid | most caudal sternal bone |
| appendicular skeleton | thoracic limb connntect to the torso via muslce and tendons; no bony joint |
| scapula | shoulder blade; glenoid cavity, aritculates w/head of the humerus; acromion, distal tip of the scapular spine |
| humerus | bone of the upper arm; head, tubercles, condyle, olecranon fossa, epicondyles |
| tubercles | non-articular processes on the proximal end of the humerus |
| condyle | articulates w/the radius and ulna |
| olecranon fossa | depression that provides space for the olecranon process |
| radius | thick bone of the forearm |
| ulna | finer bone of the forearm |
| olecranon process | projection that forms point of the elbow |
| trochlear notch | articulates with the humeral condyle |
| anconeal process | fits into the olecranon fossa |
| carpals | bones of the carpus; 2 rows of short bones |
| metacarpals | 1 per digit; # medial to lateral |
| phalanges | bones of the digits 2-2 per digit |
| sesamoids | several contained in digits |
| navicular bone | equine - distal sesamoid bone |
| pelvic limb | appendicular; attached via sacroiliac joint |
| pelvis | ilium; most anterior; ischium, caudal; pubis; ventral; acetabulum, articulates with head of femur obturator foramina |
| obturator formaina | 2 large openings in the pelvis; reduces weight |
| femur | thigh bone |
| femur - head | articulates with the acetabulum |
| femur - neck | neck |
| femur - grt and lesser trochanters | sites for muscle attachment |
| femut - medial and lateral conyles | articulate with the tibia |
| femur - trochlear fossa | patellar surface - articulates with patella |
| patella | kneecap; largest sesamoid |
| fabellae | pair of small sesamoids behind femoral condyles |
| tibia | stronger bone of the lower leg |
| tibial condyles | artculate with the femoral condyles |
| tibial crest | anterior surface of shaft |
| tibial tuberosity | projection at proxmial end |
| medial malleoulus | projection at distal end |
| fibula | fragile bone of lower leg, site of muscle attachment |
| lateral malleoulus | fibula - projection at distal end |
| tarsals | bones of the tarsus; 2 short rows |
| tallus | tibial tarsal bone; largest tarsal bone articulates with tibia |
| calcaneus | fibular tarsal bone - second largest tarsal bone |
| calcaneal tuberosity | calcaneus (hock or heel) |
| metatarsals | (blank) |
| phalanges | (blank) |
| synarthroses | immovable joint - united by fibrous tissue or cartilage, teeth in sockets, skull |
| amphiarthroses | slightly movable joints; cartilaginous, pelvis, vertebrae, sternum |
| diarthroses | freeely movable joints, "true joints" , contain synovial fluid |
| synovial joint - joint cavity | cavity enclosed by the synovail membranes and the articular cartilage (otherwise bone on bone) |
| synovial joint - joint capsule | cover of a joint, composed of fibrous conn tissue which is lined by the synovial membrane |
| synovial joint - fluid | liq contained w/in the joint capsule which lubricates and provides nutrition |
| articular cartilage | synovial j; translucent hyaline cartilage covers joints surfaces where opposing joint come together |
| ligaments | strong bands, usually made of white fibrous tisse which bind bones |
| meniscus | fibrocartilaginous plate which divides the joint cavity into 2 compartments (not all joints have meniscus) |
| flexion | decrese in joing angle |
| extension | increase in joint angle |
| rotation | turning around an axis |
| adduction | move towards the midline |
| abduction | move away from the midline |
| circumduction | movement that causes distal end to move in a circle |
| hyperextension | increase in the angle of joint beyond 180 degrees |
| luxation | dislocation seperation of joint marked by stretching/tearing of a ligament |
| torn ligaments | cruciate - drawer sign |
| hinge | type of synovial joint - movement at right angles (elbow, fetlock) |
| plane | type of synovial joint- slight gliding movement between relatively flat surfaces (carpals, tarsals) |
| pivot | type of synovial joint- pivot rotary movem occures around an axis (C1 and C2) |
| ball and socket | type of synovial joint - movement in every direction; hip, shoulder |
| shoulder | scapulohumeral joint |
| elbow | humeroradioulnar joint |
| knee | carpus (equine) femorotibial joint (small animal) |
| fetlock | metacarpophalageal and metatarsophalangeal joints (equine) |
| pastern | proximal interphalageal joint ( equine) |
| hip | coxofemoral joint |
| stifle | femorotibial joint quadrupeds |
| hock | tarsus |
| fracture | any break in bone |
| fracture skin status | simple (closed); compound (open) |
| fracture type | greenstick (young animals); complete, bone split in 2; comminuted bone is broken into frags |
| healing | vessles ruputre; clot forms;connt tiss form granulation; osteogenic progenitor cells divide, osteoblasts secrete phosphtes, callus if formed; osteoid tiss fill in gaps; callus become mineralized |
| Non-union fractures etiology | lack of bone apposition, movement of fracture ends, osteomyelitis |
| non-union fracture signs | failure to heal, lack of callus formation after 7 wks |
| fracture fixation-internal | IM pins, bone plates, cerclage wire |
| fracture fixation - external | kirschner ehmer apparatus (Ke) casts, splints, slings, bandages |
| Mason-Meta Splint | AKA spoon splint, support distal limbs |
| schroeder-thomas splint | used on hind limbs for distraction of Fx segments |
| spica splint | upper limb fixation - hip shouder; support of other fixations |
| Plaster of paris cast | 5-10 min to set, gets hot, very heavy and susceptible to moisture |
| fiberglass | hexcelite, vet-cast; lightweight, rigid, waterproof, more expensive |
| robert jones and mod robert jones | heavily padded, protect and restrict movement |
| slings | velpeau - shouler; ehmer - hip |
| osteoarthritis (DJD) | DJD degenerative joint disease; prvious injury or stress, obesity and aging poor conformation |
| DJD signs | acute or chronic lameness; usually worse after initial rise; progressive |
| DJD Dx | clinical signs; palpation - crepitus on movement; radiographs; synovial fluid tap (color; cloudy yellow) |
| DJD Tx | life-style adj; chndroprotective agents (gloucosamine); nsaids; corticosterioids |
| Inflammatory arthritis | etiology; immune mediate-SLE, rheumatoid, bacterial, lyme disease |
| inflammatory arthritis signs | lameness -leg shifting; fever, stiffness, pain and swelling |
| Inflammatory arthritis Dx | signs, joint fluid aspirate & cytology (WC Ct); blood work, radiographs |
| inflammatory arthritis Tx | depends on cause, antibiotics (tetracycline), corticosterioids (supress immmuine) |
| Osteomyelitis | etiology-traumatic injury to bone, sepsis- bacterial infection; other-bites, foreign body, gunshot |
| osteomyelitis signs | pain, fever, > WBC, swelling and discharge |
| osteomyelities Dx | radiographs, bloodwork |
| osteomyelitis Tx | antibiotics; medications for pain nsaids; surgery to remove dead tissue |
| OCD | Osteochondrosis dissecans etiology unknown |
| OCD signs | med to large breeds, 5-10 months, lameness, shoulder elbow stifle and hock |
| OCD Dx | radiographs |
| OCD Tx | conservative nsaids, rest; surger (laparoscopic), osteoarthrities usually developos |
| Spondylosis deformans | etiology u/known; common in long backed dogs |
| spondylosis deformans signs | bridging of back; spondylosis; back is hunched, tail may raise, distance b/t verterbrae shortens |
| spondylosis | bony bridges of calcium deposits restrict movement and cause pain |
| Spondylosis deformans Dx | radiographs, often is considered in incident finding |
| spondylosis deformans Tx | none, occasionaly pain medications |
| panosteitis | enostosis etiology unknown, affects young dogs 5-12 months, german shepards |
| panosteitis signs | palpation of periosteum in painful, anorexia, lethargy, fever, weight loss; shifting leg lameness |
| panosteitis Dx | clinical signs, radiographs |
| panosteitis Tx | none, nsaids if severe |
| Hip dysplasia | etiology gentic/congenital, seen in large breeds |
| Hip dysplasia signs | lameness in one or both rear limbs, pain/crepitus on palpation of hip joint |
| hip dysplasia Dx | radiographs, anesthesia required, shallow acetabulum, flattend head and shortened neck of femur, OFA VD positioning required for cert |
| hip dysplasia Tx | pain relief, keep weight down, pectineal myotomy, femoral head ostoctory (FHO); total hip replacement; TPO triple pelvic osteotomy |
| Intervertebral Disc disease | etiology long back breeds, repeated mild-moderate traumas |
| intervertebral disc disease signs | acute pain weakness, or paralysis |
| intervertebral disc disease Dx | physical and neurological exam; radiographs, +/- myelogram |
| Intervertebral disc disease Tx | conservative-rest, corticosteroids, muscle relaxants; surgery-laminectomy |
| metabolic bone disease | etiology iadequate nutrition, Ca, phosphorus, Vit D; common in reptiles |
| metabolic bone disease signs | soft rubber bones deformaties, pathological fractures, pain |
| metabolic bone disease Dx | radiographs, history |
| metabolic bone disease Tx | correcting diet, supp w/Ca and Vit D; repair injuries, supportive care |
| Neoplasia | malignant - osteosarcoma; most common in young, Tx is usually amputation with Chemo |
| Neoplasia benign | benign bone tumors, ostoma, ossifying fibroma, chondroma, |
| neoplasia cysts | bone cysts, can be confuse with bone cancer |
| ccl or acl | cranial cruciate ligament injury |
| CCL/ACL signs | lameness, joint swelling, cranial drawer sign is pahognomonic (movement is excessive) |
| CCL/ACL Tx | surgery rest |
| CCL/ACL etiology | etiology; tear of parial tear in the cranial cruciate ligament of the knee, trauma, common in larger , active dogs |
| CCL/ACL Dx | clinical signs; pe; radiographs |
| Un-united anconeal process | portion of the ulna at the elbow joing fails to ossify, resulting in lameness and decrease in mobility; Tx is surgical |
Created by:
wccvettech
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