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Psych test 2 UMW
chapters 5,7,8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| circadian rhythms | body’s natural clock that keeps us on a 24 hour cycle, controlled by hypothalamus |
| Melatonin | only secreted when it is dark, not good to take every single day, useful for jetlag |
| internal desynchronization | when body changes clock, can lead to insomnia (ex. Jetlag, in summer) |
| SAD | seasonal affective disorder, feeling down during winter months, or due to less sunlight, less exercise, stressful |
| Stage 1 | alpha wakes, small irregular |
| Stage 2 | lose consciousness (like in class) |
| Stage 3 | delta waves, could sleep through fire alarm, want this one |
| Stage 4 | more delta |
| REM | rapid eye movement, paralyzed, dreaming done mostly here (fantasy) |
| lucid dream | aware that you’re dreaming in your dream |
| psychoanalytic theory | why we dream, express unconscious thought and conflicts |
| manifest content | surface meaning |
| latent content | hidden meaning |
| problem focused | dreams express on going concerns or resolve current problems, some theories are skeptical about actually solving |
| mental housekeeping/cognitive approach | thinking as we dream, eliminating or strengthening neural connections, doesn’t explain recurrent dreams |
| activation synthesis | no meaning to dreams, just occurs from rapid fire pons |
| stimulants | tend to make us feel alert and awake, blocks dopamine |
| examples of stimulants | cocaine, adherol, and nicotine |
| depressants/sedatives | calms us down, turns of your brain |
| examples of depressants | GABA, Xanex, valium, Benzos, alcohal |
| opiates | drug that is used to block out pain |
| examples of opiates | opium, heroine, morphene, methadon |
| psychedelics | hallucinagions, mimic serotonin, make you see visions and distort reality |
| example of psychedelic | LSD |
| tolerance | means you need more and more of drug to feel good |
| withdrawal | tends to be opposite of drugs effect |
| hypnosis myths | won’t do anything you wouldn’t normally do |
| dissociative theory of hypnosis | a split in the consciousness in which one part of the mind operates independently others |
| sociocognitive approach | effects of hypnosis result from an interaction between the social interaction between the social influence of the hypnotist and the abilities, beliefs and expectations of subject |
| classical conditioning | dogs learning to associate sounds with food, developed by Paulov |
| Unconditioned stimulus | what triggers natural and automatic reaction, bowl of dog food |
| unconditioned response | salivation, automatic response |
| conditioned stimulus | bell, done directly before unconditioned stimulus |
| conditioned response | how dogs drained to react |
| extinction | when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus and eventually the conditioned stimulus will stop producing response |
| spontaneous recovery | awhile after extinction there is a rest and then conditioned stimulus is not as great |
| higher order conditioning | a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus |
| stimulus generalization | have a conditioned response to similar stimuli |
| stimulus discrimination | dog can tell difference between two similar stimuli |
| vicarious conditioning | conditioning from watching others being conditioned |
| counter conditioning | conditioned response is now associated with something different |
| operant conditioning | works on operant behaviors and get an env’tl response |
| examples of operant behaviors | raising hand, studying |
| examples of respondent behaviors | sexual arousal, taste, smell |
| reinforcement | increases likelihood that you will behave like this again |
| punishment | decreases likelihood of future behavior |
| positive | something added to situation |
| negative | taken away |
| positive reinforcement | getting a reward, candy, money |
| negative reinforcement | something removed you don’t want, buckling seat belt, nagging to clean room |
| positive punishment | smack, not going to do again, doing laps |
| negative punishment | not going to do it again and taken away, grounded |
| primary reinforcement | meets a basic need, food, water |
| secondary reinforcement | money and grades buy food |
| operant extinction | stop reinforcing behavior and the behavior eventually goes away |
| extinction burst | increased behavior after the beginning of extinction |
| discriminative stimulus | signals that a response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence |
| immediate reinforcement | happens quickly, pain, fighting |
| delayed reinforcement | happens later, lung cancer |
| continuous reinforcement | enforced every time |
| intermittent reinforcement | not enforced each time |
| Fixed ratio | always the same and number of behaviors, frequent flyer miles |
| Fixed interval | always the same and time elapsed, exams |
| Variable ratio | changes and number of behaviors, gambling |
| Variable interval | changes and time elapsed, pop quizzes |
| produce the fastest behavior and hardest to extinguish | variable ratio |
| produces scalloped responses | fixed interval, static results |
| post reinforcement pause | right after it happens there is a break, produced by fixed interval |
| punishment effective | when the punishment is not enjoyable |
| punishment ineffective | difficult to administrate, delayed, too harsh, conveys little, teaches not to get caught, creates conditioned fear |
| extrinsic rewards | people are given an actual reward for their actions |
| intrinsic rewards | something you do because you actually enjoy it |
| observational learning | learning by example without reinforcers |
| Bandura experiment | proved no reinforcement necessary and can learn by observation |
| Milgram’s obedience study | people shocked because of memory, but actually testing obedience, 66% shocked people until the end |
| conditions that enhanced tendency to disobey | proximity to victim, proximity to authority, varied conformity, institutional setting, legitimacy of authority |
| entrapment | obedience increasing gradually more and more |
| compliance | getting people to do what you want them to do |
| luncheon technique | ask favors when people are in a good mood |
| norm of reciprocity | when someone does something for you in return the favor |
| Foot in the door | first ask for something small then something big, drive careful sign |
| Door in the face | first you ask for something big then something smaller, chaperone for a day vs. 3 months |
| Low ball | get someone to comply with request under very good circumstances, car salesman |
| social roles | what people normally do in social situation |
| Zimbardo prison study | people were give roles of guards and prisoners and took on these attributes |
| situational attribution | people are put into their roles |
| dispositional attribution | they are just this type of person |
| fundamental attribution error | we tend to make dispositional judgments about others, rather than situational |
| self serving bias | try to make ourselves look as good as possible |
| holier-than-thou effect | thinking you’re better than everyone else |
| just world hypothesis | people get what they deserve, and you think the world is fair |
| familiarity effect | tendency for a person to feel more positive toward a person item, product, or other stimulus the more familiar they are with it |
| validity effect | tendency of people to believe that a statement is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times |
| conformity | people acting like others |
| Asch conformity study | people would agree if three or more people thought so |
| positive aspect of conformity | people obey laws |
| negative aspects of conformity | if there is a malevolent authority |
| groupthink | when you have a strong leader and a conforming group (make worse decisions) |
| ways to reduce group think | want to encourage everyone’s opinions, say tell me why I’m wrong |
| bystander effect | the more people who witness a crime, the less likely they’ll help |
| diffusion of responsibility | everyone thinks someone else will do it |
| pluralistic ignorance | our tendency to try to guess what other people are thinking |
| deindividuation | diffusion of responsibility to an extreme, such as Mobs |
| increase the propensity to help | being alone, having more time, seeing others helping |
| ethnic identity | a person’s identification with a racial or ethnic group |
| ethnocentrism | belief that one’s own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others |
| stereotypes | a generalization about a group of people |
| prejudice | a negative stereotype and an active dislike of a group, an Us vs. them |
| terror management theory | prejudice may help people defend against the existential terror of death |
| explicit prejudice | we are aware of them, they shape our conscious decisions and actions, measured in questionnaires |
| implicit prejudice | unaware of them, they may influence our behavior in ways we do not recognize and are measured in indirect ways |
| IAT | Implicit Association Test, measures the speed of people’s positive and negative associations to a target group |
| ways to reduce prejudice | all have equal opportunities, status, and power, support on both sides, both work together more |
Created by:
lfalkens
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