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Innovation
Innovation Mid Term
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Cosmopolites | Linking an individual to social sorces outside their social system. Mass media channels are almost always cosmopolite. |
Localites | When you want to make a positive or negative decision. |
What is the differences between Cosmopolites and Localites? | Cosmopolites channels are generally more important at the knowledge stage and localite channels are usually more crucial in the innovation decision process. Interpersonal channels apply to both cosmopolites and localites. |
What are examples of Cosmopolites and Localites? | An cosmopolites |
Homophily | The degree to which two or more individuals who interact are similar in certain attributes. |
Heterophily | The degree to which two or more individuals interact are different in certain attributes. |
What are some examples of homophily and heterophily? | Homo- Wall street were people that were jobless Hetero- Now, rich college students joined. |
Innovators | Active seekers of new ideas. High degree of mass media. Wide areas of interpersonal networks. They cope with uncertainty. |
Early Adopters | People who adopt the innovation earlier, while going outside their social circle. More likely to be more socio-economically well off and have a good education |
Early Majority | Stems from early adopters and probably reside in their social circle. |
Late Majority | A group that adopts an innovation later after they have seen how it works for others. |
Laggards | The last people to adopt the innovation. |
Why would you try to persuade early adopters and innovators first? How is this mapped out in the S Curve? | |
Opinion Leaders | The degree to which an individual is able to influence other indviduals attitudes or overt behavior informally in a desired way with relative frequency. |
Change Agents | An individual who influences clients innovation decisions in a direction deemed desirable by a change agency. |
Who are change agents and how do they influence and affect diffusion and innovative processes? | |
Lead Users | Lead users develop innovations and then convince a manufacturing company to produce and sell the innovation, often after the lead user has created a prototype of the innovation. |
Who are lead users and what do they do? | |
Social Structure / Social Systems | A set of inter related units involved in joint problem solving to accomplish a common goal. |
System Norms | |
Innovation-Development Process | 1) Recognize need 2) Basic and Applied Research (Lead Users) 3) Development (Skunk works) 4) Commersialization 5) Diffusion and adoption (gatekeeping) 6) Consequences |
Steps and Stages of the Innovation-Development Process | 1) problem or need which will lead to... 2) research 3) development 4) commercialisaton 5) diffusion and adoption phase 6) consequences of the innovation |
Innovation-Development Process - Desirable vs. Undesirable | desirable vs. undersirable consequences, depending n whtehr the effects of an innovation in a social system are functional or dysfunctional. |
Innovation-Development Process - Direct vs. Indirect | Depending on whether the changes to an individual or to a social system occur in immediate response to an innovation or as a second order result of the direct consequences of an innovation. |
Innovation-Development Process - Anticipated vs. Unanticipated | Depending on whether or not the changes are recognized and intended by the members of a social system. |
Innovation-Development Process - Basic Versus Applied Research (Very Important) | Basic research is the attempt at advancement of science with no particular goal in mind. Applied research is intended to solve practical problems. |
Equality Issues Through Consequences | The issue of equality in the diffusion of innovations, as socioeconomic gaps among the members of a social system are often widened as a result of the spread of new ideas. |
Examples of Equality Issues | The tomato thing in California, making it expensive to pick tomatoes. |
Innovation-Decision Process | Stages 1) knowledge 2) persuasion 3) decision 4) implementation 5) confirmation |
Types of Knowledge | 1)Awareness 2) How To 3) Principles |
Selective Perception vs. Selective Exposure | Selective perception is how you perceive information that is consistent with your beliefs and attitudes. Selective exposure is tendency to attend to communication messages that are consistent with the individuals existing attitudes and beliefs. |
Confusion Based on Expectations vs Confusion on Which You Are Exposed To. (Very Important) | |
KAP | (K) stands for sample surveys of knowledge, (A) stands for attitudes, and (P) stands for adoption or practice of family planning programs. |
What is the Kap Gap? | One in which change agents successfully diffuse knowledge (K) and favorable attitudes(A) yet do not successfully diffuse the adoption or practice of the innovation meant to contend with problem (P). Thus you have KA but no P, this is of course the gap. |
Cue to Action | Prompt you to act. An event that occurs that forces you to do something. It closes the KAP Gap. It can comes in many different forms. |
What Stage Does Adoption vs. Rejection Happen? | |
Decisions | That which occurs when an individual engages in activities that lead to a choice to adopt or reject an innovation. |
Types of Decisions | 1) Optional Individual Innovation-Decisions 2) Collective Innovation-Decisions 3) Authority Innovation-Decisions |
Why are Individual Optional? | chocies to adopt or reject an innovation made by individuals made by an individual independently and not by their social system. |
Innovation-Decision Period | The length of time required for an individual or organization to pass through the innovation-decision process. |
How does Rodgers Define Innovation-Decision Period? | The adoption of an innovation follows an S curve when plotted over a length of time. The categories of adopters are: innovators, early adopters, early majority, and laggards |
Perceived Attributes of Innovations | 1) Relative Advantage 2) Compatibility 3) Complexity 4) Trialability 5) Observability |
Re-Invention | Degree to which an innovation is changed or modified by a user in the process of its adoption and implementation |
Discontinuance | A decision to reject an innovation after it has been previously been adopted. |
Types of Discontinuance | 1) replacement discontinuance 2) disenchantment discontinuance |
Replacement Discontinuance | In which an idea is rejected in order to adopt a better idea which superseded it. |
Disenchantment Discontinuance | In which an idea is rejected as a result of dissatisfaction with its performance. |
Sustainability (Interms of Adoption) | The degree to which an innovation is continued over time after a diffusion program ends. |
Communication Channels | The means by which messages get from one individual to another. |
Mass Media Channels vs. Interpersonal Channels | Mass media channels are more effective in creating knowledge of innovations, whereas interpersonal channels are more effective in forming and changing attitudes tward a new idea, and thus in influencing the decision to adopt or reject a new idea. |
News Diffusion | |
Technology Clusters | A similar technology that are compliments of each other. |
Technology Transfers | Information transfer, more like communication transfer. Example is the VCR thing in Japan and America. That's what Julie said. |
Pro-Innovation Bias vs. Individual Blame Bias vs. System Blame Bias | Pro-innovation Bias - The implication in diffusion research that an innovation should be diffused and adopted by all members of a social system that it should be diffused more rapidly and that the innovation should neither be reinvented nor rejected. |
Recall Problem | It may lead to inaccuracies when respondents are asked to remember the time at which they adopted a new idea. |
4 Elements of Diffusion | 1) The innovation 2) Communication Channels 3) Time 4) A Social System |
Innovation Decision Process | the process through which an individual or other decision making unit passes from first knowledge of an innovation to forming an attitude toward the innovation to a decision to adopt or reject to implementation and use of the new idea and to the confirmat |
S Curve | A graph that depicts the speed in which people adopt a innovation in a social system. |
Innovation Development Process (Basic vs. Applied Research) | All of the decisions, activities and their impacts that occur from recognition of a need or problem through research development and commercialization of an innovation through diffusion and adoption of the innovation by users to it's consequences. |
What disciplines were involved in the history and development of Diffusion? Why did they study this way? What consequences were involved in their study or why they studied? | |
What are some criticisms of Diffusion? | Pro-Innovation Bias. You know what that means. |
Optional Individual Innovation-Decisions | Choices to adtopt or reject an innovation that are made by an individual independent of the decisions of other members of the system |
Collective Innovation-Decisions | choices to adopt or reject an innovation that are made by consensus among the members of a system. |
Authority Innovation-Decisions | Choices to adopt or reject an innovation that are made by relatively few individuals in a system who posses power, status, or technical expertise. |
Development | Defined as the process of putting a new idea into a form that is expected to meet the needs of an audience of potential adopters. |
Technological | Determinism is the belief that technology causes changes in society. |
Social Constructionism | States that social factors shape a technology |
Commercialization | Defined as the production, manufacturing, packaging, marketing, and distribution of a product that embodies an innovation. |
Persuasion | When the individual forms a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the innovation |
Implementation | When the individual puts an innovation into use |
Confirmation | When the development seeks reinforcement for an innovation decision already made buy may reverse the decision if exposed to conflicting messages about it. |
Gatekeeping | Control the flow of a message through a communication channel. |
Innovation Gatekeeping | You are controlling the diffusion of an innovation. |
Adopter Groups | |
2 Types of Rejection Not Including Discontinuance | 1) active projective Considering adoption of the innovation but then deciding not to adopt it. 2) passive projective You never consider using the innovation. |
Re-Invention | The degree to which an innovation is modified or changed by a user. An example is the study of clean indoor air. Different cities had the modified laws of no smoking policies. The goal was the same but the details were changed. Bad with favorably by resea |
Dissonance | You have something, it's uncertain and you want to find the answer. The individual becomes aware of a need and seeks information about the innovation to satisfy this need. |
Perceived Attributes of Innovation | 1) Relative Advantage 2) Compatibility 3) Complexity 4) Triability 5) Observability |