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A&P basics
Skeletal Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define osteology | The study of bones |
| Define arthrology | The study of joints |
| How many bones are there in the adult body? | 206 separate bones |
| How many bones are in the adult axial skeleton? | 80 bones |
| What types bones are included in the axial skeleton? | All that lie near the central axis of the body. |
| Name the specific bones in the axial skeleton. | Skull: cranium (8) and facial bones (14) Hyoid Auditory ossicles (in ear) Vertebral column: cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacrum and coccyx Thorax: sternum and ribs (14) |
| How many bones are included in the appendicular skeleton? | 126 separate bones |
| What types of bones are included in the appendicular skeleton? | All bones of upper and lower limbs (extremeties) and the shoulder and pelvic girdles. |
| Name the specific bones in the appendicular skeleton. | clavicles, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, hip bones, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges |
| Name the 4 different categories that bones can be classified as. | Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones |
| What is the compact bone, or cortex, of long bones? | A hard and dense bone tissue that makes the outer shell of the bone. |
| What is the purpose of compact bone? | To protect and support the entire bone |
| What is the spongy, or cancellous, part of long bones? | A highly porous part of the bone inside the compact bone at both ends that contains red bone marrow and is responsible for the production of red blood cells. |
| What is the hollow portion of the bone called in the body of a long bone? | Medullary cavity |
| What is periosteum? | A dense fibrous membrane that covers the bone except at articulating surfaces. |
| What are the articulating surfaces of long bone covered in? | Hyaline cartilage |
| What is the significance of the periosteum? | Essential for bone growth, repair and nutrition. Bones supplied by blood vessels through the periosteum. |
| What shape are short bones? | Usually cuboidal. |
| What are short bones mainly made out of? | Cancellous tissue with a thin outer covering of compact bone. |
| What are examples of short bones? | The carpal and tarsal bones of the wrist and foot. |
| What are flat bones mainly made out of? | Two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and marrow between them. |
| What are examples of flat bones? | Bones of the skull cap, sternum, ribs, and scapulae. |
| What is the narrow space between the inner and outer table of flat bones within the cranium called? | Diploe |
| What is the purpose of flat bones? | Provide protection for interior contents and broad surfaces for muscle attachment. |
| What are some examples of irregular bones? | Vertebra, facial bones, bones of the base of the cranium, and bones of the pelvis. |
| What is ossification? | The process by which bones form within the body |
| Where are RBC's produced in bone? | In the red bone marrow of certain flat and irregular bones like the sternum, ribs, vertebra, pelvis, and ends of long bones. |
| What is the primary growth center of bones? | The diaphysis; the first center of ossification that occurs in the midbody area. Later becomes the body of long bones. |
| What is the secondary growth center of bones? | Epiphysis; located at the ends of the limbs of long bones. |
| What are epiphyseal plates? | Cartilaginous plates found between the diaphysis and each epiphysis until skeletal growth is complete. |
| What are the 3 different classifications of the functions of joints? | Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis. |
| Synarthrosis joints are... | Immovable joints |
| Amphiarthrosis joints are... | joints with limited movement |
| Diarthrosis joints are... | freely movable joints. |
| What are the 3 different classifications of the structure of joints? | Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial |
| What are the 3 types of fibrous joints | Syndesmoses, sutures, gomphoses |
| What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints? | Symphyses, Synchondroses |
| What are the 7 movement types of synovial joints? | Plane (gliding), Ginglymus (hinge), Trochoid (pivot), Ellipsoid, Sellar (saddle) Spheroidal (ball and socket), Bicondylar. |
| Describe the movement of a plane (gliding) joint. | Permits the least movement; a sliding or gliding motion between the articulating surfaces. |
| Give examples of plane (gliding) joints | intermetacarpal, carpometacarpal, intercarpal, atlantoaxial joints between C1 and C2 vertebra. |
| Describe the movement of a ginglymus (hinge) joint | Permit flexion and extension movements only. |
| Give examples of ginglymus (hinge) joints | interphalangeal joints of both fingers and toes, and the elbow joint. |
| Describe the movement of trochoid (pivot) joints | Allows rotational movement around a single axis. |
| Give examples of trochoid (pivot) joints | Proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints of forearm. Joint between first and second cervical vertebrae |
| Describe the movement of ellipsoid joints | Movement occurs primarily on one plane and is combined with a slight rotation. Allows flexion and extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction. |
| Give examples of ellipsoid joints | 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers, wrist joint, and metatarsophalangeal joints of the toes. |
| Describe the movements of sellar (saddle) joints | Two saddle-like structures that fit together; allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction. |
| Give examples of sellar (saddle) joints | 1st carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. |
| Describe the movement of spheroidal (ball and socket) joints | Allows greatest freedom of motion; allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and medial and lateral rotation. |
| Give examples of spheroidal (ball and socket) joints | Hip joint and shoulder joint |
| Describe the movement of bicondylar joints | Provide movement in a single direction; permit limited rotation. |
| Give examples of bicondylar joints | knee and TMJ joints of jaw |
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roberts-5691
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