Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
AP Psych vocab 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Scientific method | a 5 step process for empirical investigation of a hypothesis under conditions designed to control biases and subjective judgments. |
| 2. Empirical investigation | an approach to research that relies on sensory experience and observation as research data. |
| 3. Theory | a testable explanation for a set of facts or observations. In science, a theory is not just speculation or a guess |
| 4. Hypothesis | a statement predicting the outcome of a scientific study, a statement describing the relationship among variables in a study. |
| 5. Operational definitions | specific descriptions of concepts involving the conditions of a scientific study. Operations definitions are stated in terms of how the concepts are to be measured or what operations are being employed to produce them. |
| 6. Independent Variable | a stimulus condition so named because the experimentor changes it independently of all the other carefully controlled experimental conditions. |
| 7. Random presentation | a process by which chance alone determines the order in which the stimulus is presented. |
| 8. Data | pieces of info, especially info gathered by a researcher to be used in testing a hypothesis. |
| 9. Dependent variable | the measured outcome of a study. The responses of a subject in a study. |
| 10. Replicate | in research, this refers to doing a study over to see whether the same results ate obtained. As a control for bias, replication is often done by someone other than the original researcher |
| 11. Experiment | a kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the conditions, including the independent variable. |
| 12. Confounding or Extraneous Variables | Variables that have an unwanted influence on the outcome of the experiment. |
| 13. Controls | constraints that the experimenter places on the experiment to ensure that each subject has the exact same conditions. |
| 14. Random assignment | each subject of the sample has an equal likelihood of being chosen for the experimental group of an experiment. |
| 15. Ex Post Facto | research in which we choose subjects based on pre |
| 16. Correlation Study | a type of research that is mainly statistical in nature. Correlations studies determine the relationship between two variables. |
| 17. Study | a quasi |
| 18. Naturalistic observation | a research method in which subjects are observed in their natural environment. |
| 19. Longitudinal Study | a type of study in which one group of subjects is followed and observed for an extended period of time. |
| 20. Cross sectional study | a study in which a representative cross section of the population is chosen and then each cohort is followed for a short period of time. |
| 21. Cohort sequential study | a research method in which a cross section of the population is chosen and then each cohort is followed for a short period of time. |
| 22. Personal bias | the researcher allowing personal beliefs to affect the outcome of a study. |
| 23. Expectancy bias | the researcher allowing his or her expectations to affect the outcome of a study |
| 24. Double blind study | an experimental procedure in which both the researchers and participants are uninformed about the nature of the independent variable being administered. |
| 25. Institutional review board | a committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology. |
| 26. Institutional animal care and use committee | a committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment involving animals for ethics and methodology. |
| 27. Frequency distribution | a summary chart, showing how frequently each of the various scores in a set of data occurs. |
| 28. Histogram | a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution. The height of the bars indicates the frequency of a group of scores. |
| 29. Descriptive statistics | statistical procedures used to describe characteristics and responses of groups of subjects. |
| 30. Mean | the measure of central tendency most often used to describe a set of data |
| 31. Median | a measure of central tendency for a distribution, represented by the score that separates the upper half of the scores from the lower half of the scores |
| 32. Mode | a measure of central tendency for a distribution, represented by the score that occurs most often. |
| 33. Range | the simplest measure of variability, represented by the difference between the highest and lowest values in a frequency distribution. |
| 34. Standard deviation | a measure of variability that indicates the average difference between the scores and their mean. |
| 35. Normal distribution | a bell |
| 36. Correlation | a relationship between variables, in which changes in one variable are reflected by changes in the other variable. Such as the correlation between age and height in children. |
| 37. Correlation coefficient | a # between |
| 38. Inferential statistics | statistical techniques (probability theory) used to assess whether the results of a study are reliable or whether the might be the result of chance. |
| 39. Random sample | a sample group of subjects selected by chance. |
| 40. Representative sample | a sample obtained in such a way that it reflects the distribution of important variables in the larger population in which the researchers are interested these can be age, income level, ethnicity, and geographic distribution. |
| 41. Significant difference | psychologists accept a difference between the groups as “real” or significant, when the probability that it might be due to an atypical sample drawn by chance is less than 5 in 100. (p < 0.05) |
| 1. Psychology | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| 2. Pseudopyschology | the erroneous assertions or practices set forth as being scientific psychology |
| 3. Confirmation bias | the tendency to attend to evidence that complements and confirms our beliefs or expectations, while ignoring evidence that does not |
| 4. Experimental psychologists | psychologists who do research on basic psychological processes – as contrasted with applied psychologists also called research psychologists |
| 5. Teachers of psychology | psychologists whose primary job is teaching typically in high schools and colleges and universities. |
| 6. Applied psychologists | psychologists who use the knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems. |
| 7. Psychiatrist | a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders |
| 8. Structuralism | a historical school of psychology devoted to uncovering the basic structures that make up mind and thought. Structuralists sought the “elements” of conscious experience. |
| 9. Introspection | the process of reporting on one’s own conscious mental experiences |
| 10. Functionalism | School of psychology that believed mental processes could best be understood in terms of their adaptive purpose and function. |
| 11. Gestalt psychology | school of psychology that sought to understand how the brain works by studying perception and perceptual learning. Gestalt psychologists believed that percepts consist of meaningful wholes (gestalts in German.) |
| 12. Behaviorism | school (also modern perspective) that has sought to make psychology an objective science focused only on behavior – to the exclusion of mental processes. |
| 13. Psychoanalysis | an approach to psychology based on Sigmund Freud’s assertions, which emphasize unconscious processes. The term is used to refer to Freud’s psychoanalytical theory and to his psychoanalytical treatment method. |
| 14. Biological view | the psychological perspective that searches for the causes of behavior in the functioning of the genes, the brain and the nervous system, and the endocrine (hormone) system. |
| 15. Neuroscience | the field devoted to understanding how the brain creates thoughts, feelings, motives, consciousness,, memories, and other mental processes |
| 16. Evolutionary psychology | a relatively new specialty in psychology that sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction. |
| 17. Developmental view | the psychological perspective emphasizing changes that occur across the lifespan. |
| 18. Cognitive view | the psychological perspective emphasizing mental processes such as learning, perception, and thinking, as forms of information processing. |
| 19. Cognitions | mental processes such as thinking, memory, sensation, and perception. |
| 20. Cognitive neuroscience | an interdisciplinary field emphasizing brain activity as info processing; involves cognitive psychology, biology neurology, computer science linguistics, and specialists from other fields who are interested in the connection between mental processes and t |
| 21. Clinical view | the psychological perspective emphasizing mental health and mental illness. Psychodynamic and humanistic psychology are variations on the clinical view |
| 22. Psychodynamic psychology | a clinical viewpoint emphasizing the understanding of mental disorders in terms of unconscious needs, desires, memories, and conflicts |
| 23. Humanistic psychology | a clinical viewpoint emphasizing human ability, growth, potential, and free will. |
| 24. Behavioral view | a psychological perspective that finds the source of our actions in environmental stimuli, rather than inner mental processes. |
| 25. Sociocultural view | a psychological perspective emphasizing the importance of social interaction, social learning, and a cultural perspective. |
| 26. Culture | a complex blend of language, beliefs, customs, values, and traditions developed by a group of people and shared with others in the same environment. |
| 27. Trait view | a psychological perspective that view behavior and personality as the products of enduring psychological characteristics. |
| 28. Empirical approach | a study conducted via careful observations and scientifically based research. |
| the psychological specialty that studies how organisms change over time as a result of biological and environmental influences | |
| 1. Personality | the psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations and at different times |
| 2. Psychoanalysis | Freud’s system of treatment for mental disorders. Refers to psychoanalytic theory as well. |
| 3. Psychoanalytic theory | Freud’s theory of personality |
| 4. Unconscious | In Freudian theory, this is the psychic domain of which the individual is not aware but that is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts unavailable to consciousness. |
| 5. Libido | the Freudian concept of psychic energy that drives individuals to experience sensual pleasure |
| 6. Id | the primitive, unconscious portion of the personality that houses the most basic drives and stores repressed memories. |
| 7. Superego | the mind’s storehouse of values, including moral attitudes learned from parents and society, roughly the notion of conscious. |
| 8. Ego | the conscious rational part of the personality, keeps peace between the Id and Superego |
| 9. Psychosexual stages | successive instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulation of specific bodily areas at different times of life. |
| 10. Oedipus complex | Freud a largely unconscious process where male children displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age, and at the same time identify with their fathers. |
| 11. Identification | the process where an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same sex parent. |
| 12. Penis Envy | Freud, the female desire to have a penis |
| 13. Fixation | occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature age. |
| 14. Ego Defense mechanism | largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety. |
| 15. Repression | An unconscious process that excludes unacceptable thoughts and feelings from awareness and memory. |
| 16. Projective tests | personality assessment instruments, such as the Rorschach and TAT based on Freud’s ego defense mechanism of projection |
| 17. Rorschach ink blot test | a projective test requiring subjects to describe what they see in a series of inkblots. |
| 18. Thematic Apperception Test | a projective test requiring subjects to make up stories that explain ambiguous pictures. |
| 19. Psychic Determination | Freud’s assumption that all our mental and behavioral responses are caused by unconscious traumas, desires, and conflicts. |
| 20. Neo | Freudians |
| 21. Personal unconscious | Jung’s term for the portion of the unconscious roughly related to Freud’s I |
| 22. Collective Unconscious | Jung’s addition to the unconscious involving a reservoir for instinctive memories including the archetypes which exist in all people. |
| 23. Archetypes | the ancient memory images in the collective unconscious. Archetypes appear and reappear in art, literature, and folktales around the world. |
| 24. Introversion | Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience |
| 25. Extraversion | the Jungian personality dimension involving turning one’s attention outward, toward others. |
| 26. Basic Anxiety | an emotion proposed by Karen Horney, that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness in a hostile world that can lead to maladjustment. |
| 27. Neurotic Needs | Signs of neurosis in Horney’s theory, these 10 needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme. |
| 28. Inferiority Complex | A feeling of inferiority that is largely unconscious with its roots in childhood. |
| 29. Compensation | making up for one’s real or imagined deficiencies. |
| 30. Traits | stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions. |
| 31. Central traits | According to trait theory, traits that form the basis of personality. |
| 32. Secondary traits | preferences and attitudes |
| 33. Cardinal traits | Personality components that define a person’s life. Very few have cardinal traits. |
| 34. Self | actualizing personalities |
| 35. Fully Functioning Person | Carl Roger’s term for a healthy self actualizing person who has a self concept that is both positive and congruent with reality. |
| 36. Phenomenal Field | our psychological reality composed of perceptions and feelings |
| 37. Positive psychology | a recent movement within psychology focusing on desirable aspects of human functioning as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology. |
| 38. Observational learning | the process of learning new responses by watching others’ behavior |
| 39. Reciprocal determinism | The process in which the cognition, behavior, and environment mutually influence each other |
| 40. Locus of Control | an individual’s sense of where his or her life influences originate. |
| 41. Humors | Four body fluids |
| 42. Temperament | basic pervasive personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and that establish the tempo and mood of the individual’s behaviors |
| 43. Five factor theory | trait perspective suggesting that personality is composed of five fundamental personality dimensions: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. |
| 44. MMPI | 2 |
| 45. Reliability | an attribute of psychological test that gives reliable results |
| 46. Validity | an attribute of a psychological test that actually measures what it is being used to measure |
| 47. Person situation controversy | a theoretical dispute concerning the relative contribution of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behavior. |
| 48. Type | refers to especially important dimensions or clusters of traits that are not only central to a person’s personality but are found with essentially the same pattern in many people |
| 49. Myers | Briggs Type indicator |
| 50. Implicit personality theory | assumptions about personality that are held by people to simplify the task of understanding people |
| 51. Fundamental attribution error | the assumption that another person’s behavior, especially clumsy, inappropriate or otherwise undesirable behavior is the result of a flaw in the person’s personality, rather than in the situation. |
| 52. Neuroticism | susceptibility to neurotic problems |
| 53. Extraversion | a personality descriptor indicating “outgoing” nature of some individuals |
| 54. Introversion | a personality descriptor indicating quiet and reserved nature of some individuals |
| 55. Eclectic | either theories switching to explain different situations or building one’s own theory of personality from pieces borrowed from many perspectives. |
Created by:
houtsh
Popular Psychology sets