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anat 10/24 CH 10
Muscles and nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Three types of muscle | skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
| three connective tissue layers of skeletal muscle | epimysium, perimysium, endomysium |
| epimysium | CT layer that covers the entire surface of the entire muscle |
| perimysium | CT layer that surrounds each individual fassicle |
| endomysium | CT layer that surrounds each individual muscle fiber |
| muscle fiber | one muscle cell |
| fassicle | group of muscle fibers |
| tendons | connect muscle to bone, made of dense regular connective tissue |
| sarcolemma | plasma membrane of a muscle fiber |
| t-tubules | one sarcolemma, tube-like extension of muscle fiber that go into the muscle fiber-- filled with intersitial fluid |
| transverse t-tubules | extensions of t-tubules that travel transversely across the muscle fiber |
| sarcoplasm | cytoplasm of the muscle cell- has high amounts of glycogen and myoglobin |
| glycogen | storage from glucose that releases ATP-- needs lots of ATP |
| myoglobin | red protein found in muscle fibers,it is stored oxygen in fibers |
| structures within sarcoplasm | mitochondria, myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| myofibrils | in the sarcoplasm, tube inside the sarcoplasm |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | surrounds each myofibril, like the smooth ER of cells, stores calcium |
| terminal cristernae | dialated end sacs of SR as a reservoir for calcium |
| myofilaments | bundle inside the myofibrils |
| two types of myofilaments | thick myofilaments, thin myofilaments |
| thick filaments | made of the protein myosin. has a tail with two heads to aid in movement |
| thin filaments | made of the protein actin, tropomysin, and troponin. |
| actin | each contain myosin binding site to form a cross bridge during muscle contraction |
| tropomyosin | covers the myosin binding site on actin molecules when myofibril is at rest |
| troponin | holds tropomyosin in place. has three binding sites. one part binds to actin, one binds to tropomyosin, one binds to calcium |
| sacromeres | section of myofibrils, between z disk and z disk |
| z disk | the two zig zag lines that break up each sacromere |
| a band | extends the entire length of thick filaments,contains both tick and thin filaments though- never lengthens or shortens |
| H zone | the area in the center of the A band, contains only thick filaments |
| M line | in the middle of the H zone, contains supporting filaments that connect thick filaments together |
| L band | area between two adjacent A bands, z disc runs through the center, contains only thin filaments |
| titin | structural protein filament,connects z disk to M line |
| hypertrophy | growth of muscles- due to increase in connections between the thick and thin filaments |
| atrophy | when muscle tissue decreases in size and length. |
| neuromuscular junction | specialized junction between nerve cell and sarcolemma of muscle |
| smooth muscle tissue (characteristics) | smaller, one nucleus, not regularly arranged, no fasicles, no sacomeres, only CT layer is endomysium. |
| Cardiac muscle tissue (characteristics) | shorter and strong like a rope, lots of mitochondria, only one nucleus, only endomysium |
| gap junctions in cardiac muscle | cell to cell communication |
| desmesomes in cardiac muscles | strength in holding cells together |
| Rhabdomyolysis | damage to skeletal muscle, breakdown of sarcolemma, ,yglobin release into bloodstream, blocks tubes causing kidneys to fail |
| muscular dystrophy | weakness of muscle over time, genetic |
| two types of Muscular dystrophy | Duchenne and myotonic |
| duchenne MD | lack of the protein dystrophin which provides structure and stability to plasma membrane |
| myotonic MD | fibers have difficulty relaxing |
| sarcopenia | age related loss of muscle mass |
Created by:
kristeni558
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