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Innervation is defined as what?
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All muscles are innervated or supplied by what?
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Test3 A&P ch 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Innervation is defined as what? | stimulation by means of a nerve |
| All muscles are innervated or supplied by what? | a single nerve |
| how are all muscles innervated? | by a single nerve |
| Innervation can be either _____ or _____ | sensory or excitatory |
| sensory=_______; excitatory=_______ | afferent; efferent |
| how are all intrinsic muscles of the larynx innervated/ | by means of the X vagus nerve |
| X Vagus innervates all of the _____ muscles | intrinsic |
| what is the vagus nerve? | a large, wandering nerve with multiple responsibilities for sensation and motor function in the thorax, neck, and abdomen |
| how many responsibilities does the vagus have | multiple |
| what regions is the vagus nerve associated with? | thorax, neck, abdomen |
| where does the vagus arise from | the medulla oblongata |
| what arises from the medulla oblongata | the vagus |
| how many branches is the vagus divided into | 2 major branches |
| what are the two major branches that the vagus is divided into | recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) & Superior Laryngeal nerve (SLN) |
| what can be accounted for by just three main adjustments? | the wide, complex variability of vocal fold production |
| list the 3 main adjustments that account vocal fold production: | medial compression, longitudinal tension, subglottal air pressure |
| medial compression is the degree of force that maybe applied by the ___ ____ at their point of ____ | vocal folds; contact |
| what is medial compression | the degree of force that maybe applied by the vocal folds at their point of contact |
| what does longitudinal tension/mass do to the vocal folds | stretches them |
| what does longitudinal tension/mass stretch? | the vocal folds |
| explain subglottal air pressure | velocity of air pressure against the vocal folds |
| subglottal air pressure is the velocity of ____ pressing against the ___ ___ | air; vocal folds |
| what is the driving force to vibrate the vocal folds | subglottal air pressure |
| why is subglottal air pressure considered one of the three main adjustments? | because it is what's needed for the main adjustments (medial compression & longitudinal tension) |
| explanation of longitudinal tension: lengthening the vocal folds=___mass=__tension | increase; increase |
| ___ _____ are a constriction in the airway | vocal folds |
| what is a critical concept for phonation? | the vocal folds being a constriction of the airway |
| what does it mean when the vocal folds are a constriction in the airway | they intrude the airway |
| what greatly increases the airway turbulence | the constriction of the airway |
| the vocal folds constriction in the airway greatly increses the ____ ____ | airway turbulence |
| what are the results of the addition of the vocal folds in the vocal tract | the air having to move around the folds |
| what results in the air having to move around the folds? | the addition of the vocal folds in the vocal tract |
| given at a constant volume flow of air or fluid: at a point of constriction there will be a ____in air pressure perpendicular to the flow and an ____ in velocity of the flow | decrease; increase |
| at a point of constriction in a constant flow of air or fluid, what will decrease and what will increase | air pressure perpendicular to the flow will decrease; the velocity of the flow will increase |
| bertnoulli effect is associated with what? | the air pressure and velocity of a constant flow of air or fluid |
| according to the bertnoulli effect, when are the vocal folds capable of moving? | when sufficient force is exerted on them |
| what results when sufficient force is exterted on the vocal folds | the vocal folds are capable of moving |
| how are the vocal folds when phonation begins | adducted (closed) |
| to begin ______: the vocal folds are adducted | phonation |
| why are the vocal folds closed in order to begin phonation | because it allows for the subglottal pressure from the respiratory system to build up beneath the vocal folds |
| how do the vocal folds go from being adducted to being abducted | the force of the subglottal pressure then blows the vocal folds apart |
| at what position is there a drop in pressure at the point of constriction | abduction |
| how do the vocal folds abduct? | when the force of the subglottal pressure blows the vocal folds apart |
| in the abduction position, there is a drop in ___ at the point of constriction | pressure |
| when does air move into the vocal tract creating a negative pressure | when the subglottal pressure causes abduction |
| what does negative pressure cause the vocal folds to do? | to be sucked back toward the midline |
| what causes the vocal folds to be sucked toward the midline? | the negative pressure |
| explain how negative pressure causes the vocal folds to be sucked back toward the midline | the elasticity of the vocal folds and their tissue-restoring forces |
| what does elasticity allow the vocal folds do to? | allow them to be pulled back toward the midline by their tissue-restoring forces |
| when is the airflow stopped? | when the vocal folds make contact again |
| what happens when the vocal folds make contact again/ | the airflow is stopped |
| explain how subglottal pressure builds | there is a force of respiratory charge beneath the folds ready to blow them apart once again |
| subglottal pressure: there is a force of ____ ____ beneath the folds making them ready to blow apart once again | respiratory charge |
| what is minimal subglottal pressure in measurement | 3-5cm H2O |
| how many cm of H2O is minimal subglottal pressure | 3-5 |
| Phonation is the product of repeated _____ & ____ of the vocal folds | opening and closing |
| what is the product of repeated opening and closing of the vocal folds | phonation |
| what is the difference between adduction & abduction in regards to phonation | adduction brings the vocal folds together for phonation; abduction draws the vocal folds apart to terminate phonation |
| what terminates phonation? | when the vocal folds are drawn apart (abduction) |
| both adduction and abduction movements are achieved using what? | specific muscles |
| what involves an interaction between airflow and tissue? | vibration of the vocal folds |
| vibration of the vocal folds involves interaction between ____ & ____ | airflow and tissue |
| vibration= no _____ _____ ____ | direct muscular action |
| does muscular action help achieve vibration | no |
| 3 basic laryngeal adjustments help accomplish _____ | phonation |
| to accomplish phonation, there are what? | 3 basic laryngeal adjustments |
| list the 3 basic laryngeal adjustments: | attack, termination, sustained phonation |
| what does the term attack mean? | when the vocal folds adduct |
| does attack start or end phonation? | start |
| how does phonation start? | when the vocal folds adduct and the vocal folds are brought into the airstream (attack) |
| what ends phonation? | when the vocal folds abduct |
| what is termination | the term used to describe the vocal folds abducting, this ends phonation |
| what initiates voicing? | sustained phonation |
| as long as air is flowing, the vocal folds will continue _____ | vibrating |
| sustained phonation does what to the vocal folds? | holds them in the airstream |
| sustained phonation: tonic contraction of vocal folds _____ | adductors |
| how do the vocal folds sustain phonation | by the tonic contraction of vocal fold adductors; the controlled elasticity |
| which phase requires muscle action? | attack phase |
| the onset of phonation | attack phase |
| when does the attack phase occur frequently | in running speech |
| list the 3 types of attack: | simultaneous vocal attack, breathy vocal attack, glottal attack |
| explain simultaneous vocal attack | coordinate adduction and onset or respiration so that they occur simultanously |
| during simultanous vocal attack, when does the vocal folds adduct and when does the respiration start point occur? | they both occur at the same time |
| what occurs at the same time in simultaneous vocal attack? | the adduction of the vocal folds and the onset of respiration |
| The vocal folds reach the _____ ____ of adduction at the same time that the respiratory flow is ___ to support phonation | critical degree; adequate |
| Breathy vocal attack is starting what? | significant airflow before adducting the vocal folds |
| in breathy vocal attack, does adducting vocal folds or significant airflow start first | significant airflow starts before adducting the vocal folds |
| why does breathy vocal attack occur frequently during running speech> | because we keep air flowing throughout phonation |
| how does glottal attack differ from breathy vocal attack? | in breathy vocal attack, airflow begins before adduction of the vocal folds, but in glottal attack adduction of the vocal folds occur prior to the airflow |
| in glottal attack, does adduction of the vocal folds or airflow occur first? | adduction of the vocal folds occurs before the airflow |
| glottal attack's production is much like what? | a cough |
| a cough is an example of what kind of attack/ | glottal |
| when is glottal attack used? | when a word begins with a stressed vowel |
| when a word begins with a stressed vowel, ___ ____ is used | glottal attack |
| what does termination require of the vocal folds? | that they are abducted |
| what happens to the vocal folds during termination | they are abducted |
| explain how muscular action takes place during termination | the vocal folds are pulled far enough out of the airstream to reduce the turbulance |
| what happens when turbulance is sufficiently reduced? | the vocal folds stop vibrating |
| the vocal folds stop vibrating when _____ is sufficiently _____ | turbulence; reduced |
| how often is phonation terminated in running speech? | constantly |
| why is phonation constantly terminated during running speech? | to accommodate voiced and voiceless speech sounds |
| adduction consists in which types of attack? | in all types |
| how do arytenoids move? | in 3 dimensions |
| what moves in 3 dimensions | arytenoids |
| what are the 3 dimensions that arytenoids can move? | rotating, rocking, gliding |
| ___, ____, ___, are the dimensions in which arytenoids can move in | rotating, rocking, gliding |
| what is the primary movement for adduction | inward rocking |
| inward rocking = ______ movement for _____ | primary; adduction |
| rotation is associated with which muscles? | lateral cricoarytenoid, lateral portion of thyromuscularis |
| vocal attack and termination require what? sustained phonation requires what? | muscle action; maintainance of a laryngeal posture through tonic constriction of musculature |
| sustained phonation requires maintainance of what? | a laryngeal posture through tonic (sustained) constriction of musculature |
| explain how vibration of the vocal folds is achieved | by placing and holdsing the vocal folds in the airsteam in a manner that permits their physical qualities to interact with the airflow |
| vibration is caused by placing the vocal folds in the _____ for them to interact with the _____ | airstream; airflow |
| during sustained phonation, the vocal folds are ____ ____ ____ | held in place |
| the vocal folds are held in place during what? | sustained phonation |
| vibration is not the product of what? | repeated adduction and abduction of the vocal folds |
| ____ is not the product of repeated adduction and abduction of the vocal folds | vibration |
| what is the mode of vibration of the vocal folds during sustained phonation | the pattern of activity that the vocal folds undergo during a cycle of vibration |
| during sustained phonation, _____ ___ ____ is the pattern of activity that the vocal folds undergo during a cycle of vibration | mode of vibration |
| what is a cycle of vibration | moving from one point of the vibratory pattern to the same point again |
| cycle of vibration is moving from what to what? | one point of the vibratory pattern to the same point again |
| what is vocal register | the difference in mode of vibration of the vocal foldss |
| vocal register is the differences in ___ ___ ___ of the vocal fold | mode of vibration |
| list the 3 most common registers: | modal register, glottal fry or pulse register, falsetto |
| vocal fold vibration varies for __ ___ | each mode |
| what vaires in each mode | vocal fold vibrations |
| how are the differences in vocal fold vibrations governed? | by laryngeal tension, medial compression, and subglottal pressure |
| laryengeal tension, medial compression, and subglottal pressure governs what? | the differences in vocal fold vibrations |
| another name for modal register | modal phonation |
| modal register is the pattern of phonation used when? | in daily conversation |
| define modal phonation | the pattern of phonation used in daily conversation |
| what is the most important register for SLP | modal register/modal phonation |
| modal register= the most important register for who? | SLPs |
| what is most efficient? | modal register |
| what 2 points make modal register significant | 1-its the most important register for SLP and it is the most efficient |
| explain vertical mode of phonation | the folds open from inferior to superior |
| in ___mode of phonation, the folds open bottom to top | vertical |
| how do the folds close in vertical mode of phonation | inferior to superior |
| how do the folds open and close in vertical mode of phonation | the open and close from inferior to superior (bottom to top) |
| vertical mode of phonation: what forces the vocal folds apart in the inferior aspect? | air pressure from beneath |
| vertical mode of phonation: what does the air pressure from beneath do? | it forces the vocal folds apart in the inferior aspect |
| vertical mode of phonation: the wave difference is a result of the ____ and the ____ of the vocal folds | mass; elasticity |
| mass and the vocal folds' elasticity is the result of what? | the wave difference |
| the mass and elasticity support what? | continued oscillation of the vocal folds |
| what conditions support continued oscillation of the vocal folds | the mass and elasticity of the vocal folds |
| vocal fundamental frequency refers to what? | one primary frequency of vibration |
| the vocal folds have how many primary frequencies of vibration? | one |
| what produces an extremely rich set of harmonics? | the vocal folds' fundamental frequency |
| define harmonics | whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency |
| the number of cycles the vocal folds go through per second refers to what? | vocal fundamental frequency |
| fundamental frequency is the number of cycles the __ ___ go through per____ | vocal folds; second |
| _____ is audible | vocal fundamental frequency |
| how is fundamental frequency audible | the movement of the vocal folds in air produces an audible disturbance |
| what is another term for audible disturbance | sound |
| vocal fundamental frequency: sound moves as a ___ with molecules being _____ by movement of the vocal folds | wave; compressed |
| what kind of wave is compressed by the movement of the vocal folds | sound waves |
| audible refers to ____. | sound |
| the interplay of what two components leads the vocal folds to vibrate in a periodic fashion | elasticity and the mass of the vocal folds |
| what does the vocal folds' elasticity and mass lead to | them vibrating in a periodic fashion |
| explain anterior-posterior mode of modal register | the vocal folds open from posterior to anterior but closure is from anterior (medial) to posterior |
| in anterior-posterior mode, do the vocal folds open and close the same way? | no |
| how do the vocal folds open in anterior posterior mode? how do they close? | open-posterior-anterior; close-anterior(medial)-to-posterior |
| what is the minimum driving pressure for subglottal pressure | 3-5cm H2O |
| ____=force | pressure |
| if the pressure is lower than _____, the folds will not be blown apart | 3-5cm H2O |
| what results in the folds not being blown apart | if the subglottals minimum driving pressure is lower than 3-5 cm of H2O |
| it is clinically important for a client to generate and sustain what in order to use their vocal folds for speech | generate 3-5cm of H2O and sustain it for 5 seconds |
| what will happen if a client cannot generate 3-5cm of H2O and sustain it for 5 seconds | he/she will not be able to use the vocal folds for speech |
| what is used to measure respiratory pressure? | a client generating 3-5cm of H2O and sustaining it for 5 second |
| what is another name for glottal fry | pulse register |
| how does glottal fry make the voice sound | crackly with a popcorn quality |
| glottal fry is extremely low in ___ and sounds ____ | pitch; rough |
| glottal fry requires low ____ | subglottal pressure |
| how much subglottal pressure does glottal fry require | 2cm of H2o |
| what is complex glottal configuration | low frequency: 30Hz, 80 to 90 Hz |
| explain the tension of the vocal folds in glottal fry in relation to modal register | it is significantly reduced |
| in glottal fry, the vibrating margin is ____ & the lateral portion is ____ | flaccid; tense |
| glottal fry: ___ ____ is flaccid and the ___ ___ is tense | vibrating margin; lateral portion |
| what defines strong medial compression | when the vibrating margin is flaccid and the lateral portion is tense |
| glottal fry: what do the vocal folds take on with a secondary beat | a syncopated mode of vibration |
| glottal fry: the vocal folds take on a syncopated mode of vibration with what? | a secondary beat |
| glottal fry: what percent do vocal folds spend the cycle in approximation | 90% |
| glottal fry: the vocal folds spend 90& of the cycle in _____ | approximation |
| how are the vocal folds vibrating in glottal fry register | slower and differently |
| the vocal folds vibrate slower and differently in which register? | glottal fry register |
| what is the highest register of phonation | falsetto |
| falsetto is the highest what? | register in phonation |
| what do the vocal folds do in falsetto/ | they lengthen and become extremely thin and reed-like |
| where does vibration occur in falsetto | along the tense margins of the vocal folds |
| falsetto: vibrate along the ___ margins of the vocal folds | tense |
| falsetto: what kind of contact do the vocal folds make? what happens to the degree of movement? | only brief contact; reduced |
| what happens to the length of the vibrating surface in falsetto | it is decreased to a narrow opening |
| falsetto: what is decreased to a narrow opening? | the length of the vibrating surface |
| what does the build up of subglottal pressure cause | the vocal folds to be blown apart |
| what kind of pressure is created once the vocal folds blow apart | negative |
| medial compression causes a ____ voice which can ____ vocal folds | harsh; damage |
| when is phonation initiated | when the vocal folds come together |
| how is voice quality impacted | by how we start (attack) phonation because quality deals with how we produce sound |
| continued oscillation | continuous opening and closing from bottom to top |
| frequency = the rate of _______ | vibration |
| what measures the cycles per second of vibration | frequency |
| fundamental frequency is what? | the average cycles of vibration in a minute |
| what is harmonics displayed as | whole number multiples of fundamental frequency |
| what is the difference between a child's fundamental frequency and an adults? | a child's is higher because they have a higher pitch |
| how do vocal folds open | bottom to top; back to front |
| how do vocal folds close | bottom to top; front to back |
Created by:
deborahpuckett