Test3 A&P ch 5
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| Innervation is defined as what? | stimulation by means of a nerve
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| All muscles are innervated or supplied by what? | a single nerve
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| how are all muscles innervated? | by a single nerve
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| Innervation can be either _____ or _____ | sensory or excitatory
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| sensory=_______; excitatory=_______ | afferent; efferent
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| how are all intrinsic muscles of the larynx innervated/ | by means of the X vagus nerve
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| X Vagus innervates all of the _____ muscles | intrinsic
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| what is the vagus nerve? | a large, wandering nerve with multiple responsibilities for sensation and motor function in the thorax, neck, and abdomen
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| how many responsibilities does the vagus have | multiple
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| what regions is the vagus nerve associated with? | thorax, neck, abdomen
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| where does the vagus arise from | the medulla oblongata
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| what arises from the medulla oblongata | the vagus
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| how many branches is the vagus divided into | 2 major branches
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| what are the two major branches that the vagus is divided into | recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) & Superior Laryngeal nerve (SLN)
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| what can be accounted for by just three main adjustments? | the wide, complex variability of vocal fold production
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| list the 3 main adjustments that account vocal fold production: | medial compression, longitudinal tension, subglottal air pressure
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| medial compression is the degree of force that maybe applied by the ___ ____ at their point of ____ | vocal folds; contact
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| what is medial compression | the degree of force that maybe applied by the vocal folds at their point of contact
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| what does longitudinal tension/mass do to the vocal folds | stretches them
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| what does longitudinal tension/mass stretch? | the vocal folds
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| explain subglottal air pressure | velocity of air pressure against the vocal folds
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| subglottal air pressure is the velocity of ____ pressing against the ___ ___ | air; vocal folds
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| what is the driving force to vibrate the vocal folds | subglottal air pressure
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| why is subglottal air pressure considered one of the three main adjustments? | because it is what's needed for the main adjustments (medial compression & longitudinal tension)
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| explanation of longitudinal tension: lengthening the vocal folds=___mass=__tension | increase; increase
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| ___ _____ are a constriction in the airway | vocal folds
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| what is a critical concept for phonation? | the vocal folds being a constriction of the airway
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| what does it mean when the vocal folds are a constriction in the airway | they intrude the airway
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| what greatly increases the airway turbulence | the constriction of the airway
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| the vocal folds constriction in the airway greatly increses the ____ ____ | airway turbulence
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| what are the results of the addition of the vocal folds in the vocal tract | the air having to move around the folds
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| what results in the air having to move around the folds? | the addition of the vocal folds in the vocal tract
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| given at a constant volume flow of air or fluid: at a point of constriction there will be a ____in air pressure perpendicular to the flow and an ____ in velocity of the flow | decrease; increase
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| at a point of constriction in a constant flow of air or fluid, what will decrease and what will increase | air pressure perpendicular to the flow will decrease; the velocity of the flow will increase
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| bertnoulli effect is associated with what? | the air pressure and velocity of a constant flow of air or fluid
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| according to the bertnoulli effect, when are the vocal folds capable of moving? | when sufficient force is exerted on them
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| what results when sufficient force is exterted on the vocal folds | the vocal folds are capable of moving
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| how are the vocal folds when phonation begins | adducted (closed)
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| to begin ______: the vocal folds are adducted | phonation
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| why are the vocal folds closed in order to begin phonation | because it allows for the subglottal pressure from the respiratory system to build up beneath the vocal folds
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| how do the vocal folds go from being adducted to being abducted | the force of the subglottal pressure then blows the vocal folds apart
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| at what position is there a drop in pressure at the point of constriction | abduction
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| how do the vocal folds abduct? | when the force of the subglottal pressure blows the vocal folds apart
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| in the abduction position, there is a drop in ___ at the point of constriction | pressure
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| when does air move into the vocal tract creating a negative pressure | when the subglottal pressure causes abduction
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| what does negative pressure cause the vocal folds to do? | to be sucked back toward the midline
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| what causes the vocal folds to be sucked toward the midline? | the negative pressure
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| explain how negative pressure causes the vocal folds to be sucked back toward the midline | the elasticity of the vocal folds and their tissue-restoring forces
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| what does elasticity allow the vocal folds do to? | allow them to be pulled back toward the midline by their tissue-restoring forces
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| when is the airflow stopped? | when the vocal folds make contact again
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| what happens when the vocal folds make contact again/ | the airflow is stopped
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| explain how subglottal pressure builds | there is a force of respiratory charge beneath the folds ready to blow them apart once again
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| subglottal pressure: there is a force of ____ ____ beneath the folds making them ready to blow apart once again | respiratory charge
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| what is minimal subglottal pressure in measurement | 3-5cm H2O
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| how many cm of H2O is minimal subglottal pressure | 3-5
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| Phonation is the product of repeated _____ & ____ of the vocal folds | opening and closing
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| what is the product of repeated opening and closing of the vocal folds | phonation
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| what is the difference between adduction & abduction in regards to phonation | adduction brings the vocal folds together for phonation; abduction draws the vocal folds apart to terminate phonation
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| what terminates phonation? | when the vocal folds are drawn apart (abduction)
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| both adduction and abduction movements are achieved using what? | specific muscles
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| what involves an interaction between airflow and tissue? | vibration of the vocal folds
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| vibration of the vocal folds involves interaction between ____ & ____ | airflow and tissue
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| vibration= no _____ _____ ____ | direct muscular action
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| does muscular action help achieve vibration | no
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| 3 basic laryngeal adjustments help accomplish _____ | phonation
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| to accomplish phonation, there are what? | 3 basic laryngeal adjustments
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| list the 3 basic laryngeal adjustments: | attack, termination, sustained phonation
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| what does the term attack mean? | when the vocal folds adduct
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| does attack start or end phonation? | start
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| how does phonation start? | when the vocal folds adduct and the vocal folds are brought into the airstream (attack)
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| what ends phonation? | when the vocal folds abduct
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| what is termination | the term used to describe the vocal folds abducting, this ends phonation
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| what initiates voicing? | sustained phonation
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| as long as air is flowing, the vocal folds will continue _____ | vibrating
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| sustained phonation does what to the vocal folds? | holds them in the airstream
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| sustained phonation: tonic contraction of vocal folds _____ | adductors
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| how do the vocal folds sustain phonation | by the tonic contraction of vocal fold adductors; the controlled elasticity
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| which phase requires muscle action? | attack phase
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| the onset of phonation | attack phase
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| when does the attack phase occur frequently | in running speech
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| list the 3 types of attack: | simultaneous vocal attack, breathy vocal attack, glottal attack
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| explain simultaneous vocal attack | coordinate adduction and onset or respiration so that they occur simultanously
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| during simultanous vocal attack, when does the vocal folds adduct and when does the respiration start point occur? | they both occur at the same time
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| what occurs at the same time in simultaneous vocal attack? | the adduction of the vocal folds and the onset of respiration
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| The vocal folds reach the _____ ____ of adduction at the same time that the respiratory flow is ___ to support phonation | critical degree; adequate
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| Breathy vocal attack is starting what? | significant airflow before adducting the vocal folds
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| in breathy vocal attack, does adducting vocal folds or significant airflow start first | significant airflow starts before adducting the vocal folds
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| why does breathy vocal attack occur frequently during running speech> | because we keep air flowing throughout phonation
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| how does glottal attack differ from breathy vocal attack? | in breathy vocal attack, airflow begins before adduction of the vocal folds, but in glottal attack adduction of the vocal folds occur prior to the airflow
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| in glottal attack, does adduction of the vocal folds or airflow occur first? | adduction of the vocal folds occurs before the airflow
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| glottal attack's production is much like what? | a cough
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| a cough is an example of what kind of attack/ | glottal
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| when is glottal attack used? | when a word begins with a stressed vowel
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| when a word begins with a stressed vowel, ___ ____ is used | glottal attack
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| what does termination require of the vocal folds? | that they are abducted
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| what happens to the vocal folds during termination | they are abducted
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| explain how muscular action takes place during termination | the vocal folds are pulled far enough out of the airstream to reduce the turbulance
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| what happens when turbulance is sufficiently reduced? | the vocal folds stop vibrating
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| the vocal folds stop vibrating when _____ is sufficiently _____ | turbulence; reduced
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| how often is phonation terminated in running speech? | constantly
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| why is phonation constantly terminated during running speech? | to accommodate voiced and voiceless speech sounds
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| adduction consists in which types of attack? | in all types
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| how do arytenoids move? | in 3 dimensions
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| what moves in 3 dimensions | arytenoids
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| what are the 3 dimensions that arytenoids can move? | rotating, rocking, gliding
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| ___, ____, ___, are the dimensions in which arytenoids can move in | rotating, rocking, gliding
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| what is the primary movement for adduction | inward rocking
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| inward rocking = ______ movement for _____ | primary; adduction
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| rotation is associated with which muscles? | lateral cricoarytenoid, lateral portion of thyromuscularis
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| vocal attack and termination require what? sustained phonation requires what? | muscle action; maintainance of a laryngeal posture through tonic constriction of musculature
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| sustained phonation requires maintainance of what? | a laryngeal posture through tonic (sustained) constriction of musculature
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| explain how vibration of the vocal folds is achieved | by placing and holdsing the vocal folds in the airsteam in a manner that permits their physical qualities to interact with the airflow
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| vibration is caused by placing the vocal folds in the _____ for them to interact with the _____ | airstream; airflow
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| during sustained phonation, the vocal folds are ____ ____ ____ | held in place
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| the vocal folds are held in place during what? | sustained phonation
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| vibration is not the product of what? | repeated adduction and abduction of the vocal folds
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| ____ is not the product of repeated adduction and abduction of the vocal folds | vibration
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| what is the mode of vibration of the vocal folds during sustained phonation | the pattern of activity that the vocal folds undergo during a cycle of vibration
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| during sustained phonation, _____ ___ ____ is the pattern of activity that the vocal folds undergo during a cycle of vibration | mode of vibration
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| what is a cycle of vibration | moving from one point of the vibratory pattern to the same point again
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| cycle of vibration is moving from what to what? | one point of the vibratory pattern to the same point again
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| what is vocal register | the difference in mode of vibration of the vocal foldss
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| vocal register is the differences in ___ ___ ___ of the vocal fold | mode of vibration
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| list the 3 most common registers: | modal register, glottal fry or pulse register, falsetto
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| vocal fold vibration varies for __ ___ | each mode
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| what vaires in each mode | vocal fold vibrations
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| how are the differences in vocal fold vibrations governed? | by laryngeal tension, medial compression, and subglottal pressure
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| laryengeal tension, medial compression, and subglottal pressure governs what? | the differences in vocal fold vibrations
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| another name for modal register | modal phonation
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| modal register is the pattern of phonation used when? | in daily conversation
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| define modal phonation | the pattern of phonation used in daily conversation
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| what is the most important register for SLP | modal register/modal phonation
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| modal register= the most important register for who? | SLPs
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| what is most efficient? | modal register
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| what 2 points make modal register significant | 1-its the most important register for SLP and it is the most efficient
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| explain vertical mode of phonation | the folds open from inferior to superior
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| in ___mode of phonation, the folds open bottom to top | vertical
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| how do the folds close in vertical mode of phonation | inferior to superior
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| how do the folds open and close in vertical mode of phonation | the open and close from inferior to superior (bottom to top)
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| vertical mode of phonation: what forces the vocal folds apart in the inferior aspect? | air pressure from beneath
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| vertical mode of phonation: what does the air pressure from beneath do? | it forces the vocal folds apart in the inferior aspect
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| vertical mode of phonation: the wave difference is a result of the ____ and the ____ of the vocal folds | mass; elasticity
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| mass and the vocal folds' elasticity is the result of what? | the wave difference
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| the mass and elasticity support what? | continued oscillation of the vocal folds
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| what conditions support continued oscillation of the vocal folds | the mass and elasticity of the vocal folds
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| vocal fundamental frequency refers to what? | one primary frequency of vibration
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| the vocal folds have how many primary frequencies of vibration? | one
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| what produces an extremely rich set of harmonics? | the vocal folds' fundamental frequency
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| define harmonics | whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency
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| the number of cycles the vocal folds go through per second refers to what? | vocal fundamental frequency
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| fundamental frequency is the number of cycles the __ ___ go through per____ | vocal folds; second
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| _____ is audible | vocal fundamental frequency
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| how is fundamental frequency audible | the movement of the vocal folds in air produces an audible disturbance
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| what is another term for audible disturbance | sound
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| vocal fundamental frequency: sound moves as a ___ with molecules being _____ by movement of the vocal folds | wave; compressed
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| what kind of wave is compressed by the movement of the vocal folds | sound waves
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| audible refers to ____. | sound
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| the interplay of what two components leads the vocal folds to vibrate in a periodic fashion | elasticity and the mass of the vocal folds
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| what does the vocal folds' elasticity and mass lead to | them vibrating in a periodic fashion
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| explain anterior-posterior mode of modal register | the vocal folds open from posterior to anterior but closure is from anterior (medial) to posterior
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| in anterior-posterior mode, do the vocal folds open and close the same way? | no
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| how do the vocal folds open in anterior posterior mode? how do they close? | open-posterior-anterior; close-anterior(medial)-to-posterior
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| what is the minimum driving pressure for subglottal pressure | 3-5cm H2O
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| ____=force | pressure
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| if the pressure is lower than _____, the folds will not be blown apart | 3-5cm H2O
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| what results in the folds not being blown apart | if the subglottals minimum driving pressure is lower than 3-5 cm of H2O
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| it is clinically important for a client to generate and sustain what in order to use their vocal folds for speech | generate 3-5cm of H2O and sustain it for 5 seconds
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| what will happen if a client cannot generate 3-5cm of H2O and sustain it for 5 seconds | he/she will not be able to use the vocal folds for speech
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| what is used to measure respiratory pressure? | a client generating 3-5cm of H2O and sustaining it for 5 second
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| what is another name for glottal fry | pulse register
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| how does glottal fry make the voice sound | crackly with a popcorn quality
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| glottal fry is extremely low in ___ and sounds ____ | pitch; rough
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| glottal fry requires low ____ | subglottal pressure
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| how much subglottal pressure does glottal fry require | 2cm of H2o
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| what is complex glottal configuration | low frequency: 30Hz, 80 to 90 Hz
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| explain the tension of the vocal folds in glottal fry in relation to modal register | it is significantly reduced
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| in glottal fry, the vibrating margin is ____ & the lateral portion is ____ | flaccid; tense
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| glottal fry: ___ ____ is flaccid and the ___ ___ is tense | vibrating margin; lateral portion
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| what defines strong medial compression | when the vibrating margin is flaccid and the lateral portion is tense
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| glottal fry: what do the vocal folds take on with a secondary beat | a syncopated mode of vibration
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| glottal fry: the vocal folds take on a syncopated mode of vibration with what? | a secondary beat
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| glottal fry: what percent do vocal folds spend the cycle in approximation | 90%
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| glottal fry: the vocal folds spend 90& of the cycle in _____ | approximation
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| how are the vocal folds vibrating in glottal fry register | slower and differently
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| the vocal folds vibrate slower and differently in which register? | glottal fry register
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| what is the highest register of phonation | falsetto
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| falsetto is the highest what? | register in phonation
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| what do the vocal folds do in falsetto/ | they lengthen and become extremely thin and reed-like
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| where does vibration occur in falsetto | along the tense margins of the vocal folds
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| falsetto: vibrate along the ___ margins of the vocal folds | tense
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| falsetto: what kind of contact do the vocal folds make? what happens to the degree of movement? | only brief contact; reduced
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| what happens to the length of the vibrating surface in falsetto | it is decreased to a narrow opening
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| falsetto: what is decreased to a narrow opening? | the length of the vibrating surface
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| what does the build up of subglottal pressure cause | the vocal folds to be blown apart
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| what kind of pressure is created once the vocal folds blow apart | negative
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| medial compression causes a ____ voice which can ____ vocal folds | harsh; damage
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| when is phonation initiated | when the vocal folds come together
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| how is voice quality impacted | by how we start (attack) phonation because quality deals with how we produce sound
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| continued oscillation | continuous opening and closing from bottom to top
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| frequency = the rate of _______ | vibration
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| what measures the cycles per second of vibration | frequency
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| fundamental frequency is what? | the average cycles of vibration in a minute
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| what is harmonics displayed as | whole number multiples of fundamental frequency
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| what is the difference between a child's fundamental frequency and an adults? | a child's is higher because they have a higher pitch
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| how do vocal folds open | bottom to top; back to front
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| how do vocal folds close | bottom to top; front to back
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