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Drug Mechanisms Ex 2
Pharm Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Interacts with alpha receptors Peripheral vasoconstrictor (Increase BP) | norepinephrine (Alpha Agonist) (Adrenergic Agonist) (SNS) |
| Interacts with Beta-2 receptors Bronchodilator;little cardiac stimulation. Route:Inhalation(Increases RR) For Asthma Attacks | albuterol (Beta-2 Agonist) (Adrenergic Agonist) (SNS) |
| Interacts with Alpha & Beta receptors (More beta-1 than beta-2) Bronchodilator,Vasoconstriction (Increase HR & BP) | epinephrine (Alpha & Beta Agonist) (Adrenergic Agonist) (SNS) |
| Blocks both Alpha 1 & 2 receptors Prevents tissue necrosis when vasoconstricting | phentolamine(Non-Selective Alpha-1&2 blocker) (Antiadreneric) (SNS) |
| Blocks Alpha-1 receptors in heart/blood vessels *Prevents SNS effects *Anti-Hypertensive Drug Has significant 1st dose syncope(lowers BP) (Pt tends to faint, so take @ bedtime) | prazosin (Selective Alpha-1 Blocker) (Antiadreneric) (SNS) |
| Inhibits release of noreponephrine (RelaxationVasodilation of bv's= Lower BP) Rebound Hypertension(withdrawal symptoms) Tachycardia Often given w/diuretics to bal w/water&fluid retention | Clonidine (Selective Alpha-2 Agonist) (Antiadreneric) (SNS) |
| Blocks cardiac stimulation (B-1) & broncodilation (B-2) Bronchoconstriction, bradycardia, CHF, lower blood glucose. (Blocks renin=vasoconstrictor so lowers BP) | propanolol(Non-Selective Beta Blocker: Heart & Lung) (Antiadreneric) (SNS) |
| Blocks cardiac stimulation; prevents renin release (lower BP) Less bronchoconstriction; lower blood glucose | atenolol (Selective Beta-1 Blocker) (Antiadreneric) (SNS) |
| Prevents bronchodilation, vasoconstriction, increases GI motility, increases bladdertone. Orthostatic hypotension (take at bedtime) | labetalol (Alpha-Beta Blocker) (Antiadreneric) (SNS) |
| Helps you pee. Stimulates paristalsis CONTRAINDICATED w/obstruction of the GI & GU tract (i.e. tumor) | bthanechol (Direct-Acting) (Cholinergic Drugs) (PNS) |
| Prevents breakdown of ACh & improves neuro function in Alzheimers. Used to diagnose Myasthenia Gravis or to determine whther crisis is myasthenic or cholinergic. | edrophonium (Indirect-Acting) (Cholinergic Drugs) (PNS) |
| Prevents breakdown of ACh & improves neuro function in Alzheimers. Slows progression of early-to-middle-stage AD. | galantamine (Indirect-Acting) (Cholinergic Drugs) (PNS) |
| Prevents breakdown of ACh & improves neuro function in Alzheimers. Slows progression of early-stage AD. | donepezil (Indirect-Acting) (Cholinergic Drugs) (PNS) |
| Loweres resp. rate & GI secretions, increases HR, urinary sphincter tone. Pupils dilated & lowers bronchoconstriction. Adverse effects: BCDPT, Contraindicated w/glaucoma, enlarged prostate, hiatal hernias, tachycardia, & MG. | atropine (anticholinergic) (Antocholinergic drugs) (PNS) |
| Inhibits production of cytokines.Increase # &sensitivity of B-2 receptors.Used for prevention/long-term therapy(inhalation). Adverse effects:local irritation, oral fungal infectons.Enhances effects of adrenergic bronchodilators.Sytemic route=short term. | beclomethasone (Corticosteroids) (Anti-Asthmatics) (Repiratory) |
| Prevents histamine release from mast cells to prevent bronchodilation. Anaphylaxis is possible. | Mast Cell Stabilizers(Anti-Asthmatics) (Repiratory) |
| Suppress leukotrienes, decrease inflammation. | Leukotriene Inhibitors (Anti-Asthmatics) (Repiratory) |
| Block histamine, decrease permeability, dilate brnochi, decrease vasodilation. Treat allergies & cough, prevent motion sickness, promote sleep. | diphenhydramine (1st Generation) (Antihistamines) (Respiratory) |
| Block histamine, decrease permeability, dilate brnochi, decrease vasodilation. *Non-sedating. Could cause constipation & dry mouth. | fexofenadine (2nd Generation) (Antihistamines) (Respiratory) |
| Relax smooth muscle in bronchi by stimulatin adrenergic receptors. Remember adrenergic stimulation causes "fight or flight" response including bronchial dilation. Stimulates a-1,b-1,b-2 receptors. Side effects:general SNS stimulation. Refer to chart. | epinephrine (Adrenergic Agonist) (Brochodilators) (Respiratory) |
| Relax smooth muscle in bronchi by stimulate adrenergic receptors. Remember adrenergic stimulation causes"fight or flight" including bronchial dilation.A-1: vasoconstrict,^HR/BP.A-2/b-2:vasodilate, decrease BP,causes headaches/flushing.B-1:cardiac stim,^HR | albuterol (Agrenergic Agonist) (Brochodilators) (Respiratory) |
| Prevents bronchospasm by blocking action of ACh(causes bronchial constrict)@ muscarinic receptors. Side effects:minimal w/inhl form. Used cautiously w/benign prostatic hypertrophy & glaucoma. *Not for use for acute attack cause onset of action is too slow | iptratropium (Anticholinergics) (Brochodilators) (Respiratory) |
| Dilates Bronchi by ^ cAMP in smooth muscle cells. Primarily used if other safer drugs fail. Side effects:CNS,CV,GI stim. *Must monitor serum level b/c narrow therapeutic range. Risk seizures&arrythmias. Children get high doses b/c of high metabolic rate. | theophylline (Xanthines) (Brochodilators) (Respiratory) |
| Inhibit nerve cells, esp. in the reticular formation (RAS). Suppress REM.Various onset/ duration of action. Induce liver enzymes so tolerance develops;effect metabolism of other drugs.S&S of allergy:prickly feel,edema of lip membranes,mouth, tongue,&face. | phenobarbital (Barbiturates) (Sedative-Hypnotics) (CNS Depressants) |
| Suppresses neuron responsiveness to excitatory NT's. (Safer than Barbs) Suppresses non REM sleep. Overdoses rare unless pt has had alcohol or some other CNS depressants. | diazepam,midazolam,alprazolam(Benzodiazepines) (Sedative-Hypnotics) (CNS Depressants) |
| Relieves anxiety w/less CNS depression, sedation,. Benefits not apparent for 1-2 wks. Slow onset. No antidote. Less risk of dependaence. | busiprone,zolpidem (Nonbarbiturate,Nonbenzodiazepine) (Sedative-Hypnotics) (CNS Depressants) |
| Pain relief(raises pain threshold), pre-op sedation, cough suppression, diarrhea relief,(could lead to constipation). Constricts pupils. Triad of opioid toxicity:tiny pupils (miosis), deep sleep, very low RR. Antidote:Narcan. | Morphine (Opioids) (Opioids) (CNS Depressants) |
| Can cause OD(no specific antidote). Inhibits both COX-1 & COX-2. GI irritation. | aspirin (Salicylates:antipyretic/anti-inflam) (Non-Opioid Analgesic,Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic) (CNS Depressants) |
| Can cause bleeding(less than aspirin), fliud retention(effects BP), risk for renal(kidney) impairment. Inhibits both COX-1 & COX-2. GI irritation. | ibuprofen(NSAID:antipyretic,anti-inflammatory,analgesic) (Non-Opioid Analgesic,Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic) (CNS Depressants) |
| Not anti-inflammatory. Risk of liver toxicity. Does not cause bleeding or GI irritation. (Overdose treatment:Mucomyst). | acetaminiphen (Antipyretic/Analgesic) (Non-Opioid Analgesic,Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic) (CNS depressants) |
| COX-2s are activated by tissue injury to cause pain, inflammation. COX-2 inhibition= lower pain & inflammation. Lowered GI effects. Does not affect COX-1. | celecoxib (COX-2 Inhibitors) (Non-Opioid Analgesic,Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic) (CNS Depressants) |
| Slowing the heart rate Increased gastric secretion Emptying the bladder Emptying the bowel Focusing the eye for near vision Constricting the pupil Contracting bronchial smooth muscle | Regulatory Functions of the PNS |
| Treatment of psychiatric disorders Suppression of seizures Relief of pain Provide anesthesia | CNS Drugs: Medical Applications |
| Dopamine Norepinephrine Serotonin Enkephalins Many others Some are inhibitory; others excitatory | CNS Neurotransmitters |
| Few uses: ADHD, narcolepsy Abuse potential due to euphoria, weight loss Amphetamines can cause hypertension, dysrhythmias, psychosis; OD can be fatal Drugs for ADHD: can retard growth | CNS Stimulants |
| Action:blocks ACh at nicotinicM receptors on skeletal muscle, prevents muscle cell repolarization, ultra-short acting Therapeutic uses:surgery, mechanical ventilation, endoscopy, ECT (electroconvulsive therapy aka shock therapy) | Neuromuscular Blocking Agent: Succinlycholine |
| Adverse effects:Prolonged apnea, Malignant hyperthermia(dramatic rise in body temp.) Postop muscle pain,Hyperkalemia(^ K+ levels) Drug interactions: enhanced effects with Cholinesterase inhibitors,Some antibiotics (aminoglycosides,tetracycline,et al) | Neuromuscular Blocking Agent: Succinlycholine |
Created by:
FLOYDJE
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