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PSY110 ch 7-9 ckc
Mastering the World of Psychology study guide section one
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When we create a mental picture to remember something, we are using _______. | imagery |
| A mental catagory that represents a class or group of items that share common characteristics or attributes is called a _______. | concept |
| A prototype is the most _____ example of a concept. | typical |
| _______ refers to the way information is presented so as to focus on a potential gain or loss. | Framing |
| What is guaranteed, if properly applied, to result in the correct answer of a problem? | an algorithm |
| Working backwards and means-end analysis are examples of _________. | heuristics |
| John uses a wastebasket to keep a door from closing. In solving his problem, he was not hindered by _________. | functional fixedness |
| One characteristic of good problem solvers is mental set. T/F | False |
| Artificial intelligence systems surpass the problem solving ability of experts in a number of fields. T/F | False |
| Of the components of language, _______ are the smallest units of meaning. | morphemes |
| Of the components of language, _______ are the meanings derived from phonemes, morphemes, and sentences. | semantics |
| Of the components of language, _______ are grammatical rules for arranging and combining words to form phrases and sentences. | syntax |
| Of the components of language, _______ are the smallest units of sound in a spoken language. | phonemes |
| Of the components of language, _______ are intonation patterns. | pragmatics |
| Communication in trained chimpanzees approaches human language in form and complexity. T/F | False |
| The linguistic relativity hypothesis is not supported by research. T/F | True |
| In general, thought influences language more than language influences thought. T/F | True |
| Theorized the "seven primary abilities" theory of intelligence. | Thurstone |
| Theorized the "multiple intelligences" theory of intelligence. | Gardner |
| Theorized the "the g factor" theory of intelligence. | Spearman |
| The first successful effort to measure intelligence was made by _____. | Binet and Simon |
| According to Terman's formula, what is the IQ of a child with a mental age of 12 and a chronological age of 8? | 150 |
| In which range will the scores of the largest percentage of people taking an IQ test fall? | 85 to 115 |
| Twin studies suggest that environment is stronger than heredity as a factor in shaping IQ differences. T/F | False |
| In general, differences in cognative abilities are greater within each gender than between the genders. T/F | True |
| In general, what sex tends to score higher on writing tests? | Females |
| In general, what sex tends to score higher on science tests? | Males |
| In general, what sex tends to score higher on spatial ability tests? | Males |
| In general, what sex tends to score higher on reading comprehension tests? | Females |
| In general, what sex tends to score higher on mathematics tests? | Males |
| The ability to produce multiple ideas or answers to a problem is known as ___________. | divergent thinking |
| People with high IQ scores are typically highly creative. T/F | False |
| What is the sequence of stages in the creative problem-solving process? | Preparation, Incubation, Illumination, Translation |
| Describe Piaget's thinking about the stages of cognitive development. | All poeple progress through the stages in the same order. |
| The teenager's personal fable includes a feeling that he or she is always on stage. T/F | False |
| According to Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning, engaging in a behavior to avoid punishment or gain a reward is an example of ___________ reasoning. | preconventional |
| According to Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning, engaging in a behavior to ensure that human rights are protected is an example of ___________ reasoning. | postconventional |
| According to Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning, engaging in a behavior to gain approval or follow the law is an example of ___________ reasoning. | conventional |
| According to Erikson, satisfactory resolution of the conflict associated with each stage of his psychosocial stages is required for healthy development in future stages. T/F | True |
| The first two weeks of life describes what stage of prenatal developement. | period to zygote |
| The rapid growth and further development of body structures and systems describes what stage of prenatal developement. | period to fetus |
| the formation of major systems, organs, and structures describes what stage of prenatal developement. | period to embryo |
| Vision, hearing, taste, and smell are fully developed at birth. T/F | False |
| The primary factor influencing the attainment of the major motor milestones is __________. | maturation |
| Temperament is inborn but can be modified by the family and environment, is a good description of Thomas, Chess, and Birch's thinking about temporament. T/F | True |
| Ainsworth found that most infants had secure attatchment. T/F | True |
| "ba ba ba" is an example of what type of liguistic stage? | Babbling |
| "He eated the cookies" is an example of what type of liguistic stage? | Overregulation |
| "Mama see ball" is an example of what type of liguistic stage? | Telegraphic speech |
| "oo", "ah" are examples of what type of liguistic stage? | Cooing |
| "kitty", meaning a lion is an example of what type of liguistic stage? | Overextension |
| Learning theory is better able than the nativist position to account for how language development can be engouraged. T/F | False |
| Expecting unquestioned obedience is an example of what parenting style? | Authoritarian |
| Setting high standards and giving rationale for rules is an example of what parenting style? | Authoritative |
| Setting few rules or limits is an example of what parenting style? | Permissive |
| The peer group usually has a negative influence on social development. T/F | False |
| What theory of gender role developement does not require that children understand the concept of gender? | Social learning theory |
| The period of emerging adulthood begins at puberty. T/F | False |
| The secondary sex characteristics are not directly involved in _______. | Reproduction |
| During which decade do people reach their peak physically? | 20's |
| _________ intelligence increases with age. | Crystallized |
| Of adults older than age 65, most retirees are happy to be retired. T/F | True |
| Compared to older adults who are mentally and physically active, younger adults do better on what type of tests? | Speed |
| High income is considered a component of successful aging. T/F | False |
| According to Kubler-Ross, the first stage experienced by terminally ill patients in coming to terms with death is _______; the last stage is ________. | Denial; Acceptance |
| Motives move us toward goals. T/F | True |
| When you engage in an activity to gain a reward or avoid an unpleasant cosequence, your motivation is _______. | Extrinsic |
| Drive-reduction theory states that people are motivated to..... | reduce tension created by biological drives. |
| According to arousal theory, people seek _____ arousal. | Optimal |
| According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs must be satisfied before a person will try to satisfy the belonging and love needs? | Physiological and Safety needs |
| Murray used the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to study the need for achievement. T/F | True |
| Induviduals who have a __________ goal orientation are motivated by a desire to outperform others. | Performance |
| Industrial/organizational psychologists use reinforcement and goal setting to increase _____ ________. | work motivation. |
| According to ___________ theory, an employee's belief that increased effort will lead to improved performance is an important element of work motivation. | Expectancy |
| The lateral hypothalamus (LH) acts as a _____ center; the ventomedial hypothalamus (VMH) acts as a ______ center. | Feeding; Satiety |
| The hormoned CCK is a hunger signal. T/F | False |
| The smell of food may make you feel hungry even when you are not. T/F | True |
| The factor most responsible for how fast your body burns calories to produce engergy is the ________ rate. | Metabolic |
| According to set-point theory, the body works to _________ body weight. | Maintain |
| Metabolic rate, hormones, and set point might all indicate a tendancy for obesity to be inherited. T/F | True |
| Adopted children are more likely to be very thin or obese if their _________ parents are very thin or obese. | Biological |
| To be effective, a weight loss program should include both calories reduction and increased excercise. T/F | True |
| Self-starvation is the defining symptom of ________; binge eating followed by purging is the main symptom of ________. | Anorexia; Bulimia |
| Who conducted the first major survey of sexual attitudes and behaviors of American males and females? | Alfred Kinsey |
| Human sexual responce is very different in males and females. T/F | False |
| Androgens, estrogen, and progesterone are present in both males and females. T/F | True |
| Testosterone plays a role in maintaining sexual interest in males and females. T/F | True |
| The direction of one's sexual interest--towards members of the opposite sex or members of one's own sex--is termed ______ _______. | Sexual orientation |
| Statistics suggest that homosexuality is more common in males than in females. T/F | True |
| Bell, Weinberg, and Hammersmith's study about the childhood experiences of their gay and lesbian participants revealed that no single characteristic of family life distinguished their families from those of heterosexuals. T/F | True |
| Evolutionary theory suggests that gender differences in sexual behavior are caused by gender differences in _____ ________. | Parental investment |
| According to the text, emotions do not have a ______ component. | Sensory |
| Which theory of emotion holds that you feel a true emotion only when you become physically aroused and can identify some cause for the arousal? | Schachter-Singer theory |
| Which theory of emotion suggests that you would feel fearful because you were trembling? | James-Lange theory |
| Which theory suggests that the feeling of emotion and the physiological response to an emotional situation occure at about the same time? | Cannon-Bard theory |
| Which theory suggests that the physiological arousal and emotion flow from a cognitive appraisal of an emotion-provoking event? | Lazarus theory |
| To date, there are several hundred known basic emotions. T/F | False |
| Display rules are the same in all cultures. T/F | False |
| The idea that making a happy, sad, or angry face can actually trigger the psychological response and feeling associated with the emotion is called the _____-________ _______. | Facial-feedback hypothesis |
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