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wcc muscle
WCCVETTECH Muscles
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Muscle | basic tissue of the body; 40-50% of body weight; main function to contract |
| tissue types | epithelium, connective, nervous, muscle |
| muscle fibers | muscle cells; arranged in bundles surounded by fibrous connective tissue |
| muscle fiber cells | bundels of myofibrils |
| muscle cell cytoplasm | sarcoplasm |
| cell membrane | sarcolemma |
| synaptic cleft | space between the motor neuron and muscle fiber |
| synaptic junction | place where a motor neuron contacts a muscle fiber |
| ACETYLCHOLINE | released by the neuron to initiate muscular contraction |
| ACETYLCHLINE inactivated | Acetylcholinesterase |
| Tendon | connetive tissue that attaches muscle to bone |
| Aponeroses | broad flat tendon that attaches muscle to muscle; ex: Linea Alba or White line down th abdomen |
| Belly | wide fleshy part of the muscle |
| origin | least movable attachment |
| Insertion | most movable attachment |
| Flexor | decreases the angle of the joint; biceps flex the elbow |
| extensor | increases the angle of a join; triceps extend the elbow |
| abductor | moves limb away from the median plane |
| adductor | moves limb toward the median plane |
| agonist | prime movers; responsible for prod desired action |
| antagonist | oppose desired action |
| synergist | works with angonist to produce desired action |
| sphincters | muscles surrounding an opening |
| flexion | bending the joint resulting in decrease in angle |
| extension | straightening at a joing resuting in increase in angle |
| abduction | appendage moves away from midline |
| adduction | appendage moves towards the midline |
| supination | turn palm upward |
| pronation | turn palm downward |
| rotation | moving a structure about a point |
| skeletal muscle | striated; voluntary (somatic nerves); multinucleated |
| skeletal muscle consists of | sarcolemmma, numerous nuclei; lots of myofibrils; sarcoplasmic reticulim; tranasvers tubules; sarcoplasm |
| sarcolemma | (blank) |
| myofibrils | (blank) |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | endopaslmic reticulum of muscle tissue |
| transverse tubules | transmit electricl impulse from sarcolemma into interior of muscle; initiate contraction |
| sarcoplasm | (blank) |
| microfilament bands | A-Band; contain myosin, thick; I-band contains actin |
| Myosin | (blank) |
| Actin | (blank) |
| contraction | overlapping A&I bands; slide together; myofibrils shorten and fibers contract |
| Calcium | diffuses throught the tubules into the interior of the cell to initiate contraction; Muscle fibers will contract as long as calcium is in excess!! |
| Relaxation | ATP; release calcium back to tubules; relax when actin and myosin seperate |
| Rigor mortis | No ATP to force calcium out; myosin and actin remain locked; all muscles stiffen |
| tetany | continuous muscle contraction |
| eclampsia | caused by calcium loss |
| All or None principal | ease striated muscle fiber cell must be stimulated directly; whole fiber then contracts to maximum |
| Cutaneious muscles | cutaneious trunci |
| head and neck | trapezius, masster, brachiocephalicus |
| abdominal | abdomianl obliques, rectus abdominus |
| Thoracic limb | latissiums dorsi, deltoid, triceps, biceps, pectorals |
| pelvic limb | semimembranosus, semitendinosus, quadriceps, gastrocnemius |
| spinal | lumbar, gluteal |
| respirator | internal & external intercostals, diaphragm |
| Smooth muscle | involuntary; non-striated; centralized singel nucleus; spiindle-shaped |
| Plasticity or Elasticity | ability to adjust to being stretched w/out increasing tension (uterus, stomach, intestines, bladder |
| Type of Smooth | multi-unit, 1%, direct nerve stimulation required, found in blood vessels, iris, nictitating memebrane and erector pili muscles; visceral, 99%, syncytium, impulses travel from cell to cell, found in GI, respiratory and urogenital |
| pacemaker cells | throughout the visceral smooth muscle |
| stiumli | mechanical, chemical, hormonal |
| ephaptic conduction | linked electrically, but independing chemically; domino effect, one stiumulted, transfer to a ll surrounding fibers |
| Autonomic Nervous Sys | smooth muscle |
| cardiac muscle | involuntary; striated, found only in heart; intercalated discs |
| intercalated discs | V; allow impulses to move from one cell to another |
| Purkinje fibers | rapid impulse from atria to the ventricles |
| low calcium | tetany and convulsions |
| low potassium | weakness and diarrhea |
| low selenium and V E | muscular degeneration; white muscle disease; selenium required in large animals |
| low magnesium | myopathy; general term referring to any skeletal muscle disease or neuromuscular disorder. |
| Hypertrophy | increase in size; cardiac muscle, excessive work, high altitiudes |
| atrophy | decrease in size; due to loss of nerve supply of lack ofuse |
| Muscle trauma | CPK; creatine phosphokinase, An enzyme present in muscle, brain, and other tissues of vertebrates that catalyzes the reversible conversion of ADP and phosphocreatine into ATP and creatine.indicates muscle damage; ex: inflammation or after and IM injection |
| Eosiniophilic Myositis | Germ Shep; immune mediated; swelling of facial muscles, atrophy in chronic form, difficult to open mouth; > in WC ct, muscle biopsy, corticosteriods and antibiotics |
| organophophate poisoning | insecticides, inhibits acetylcholinestrerase cuasing ACh buildup; muscle spasms and asphyxiation, muscle tetany/spasm; SLUD, Miosis of pupils and Nystagmus |
| SLUD | excessive salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation |
| Miosis of pupils | An enzyme present in muscle, brain, and other tissues of vertebrates that catalyzes the reversible conversion of ADP and phosphocreatine into ATP and creatine. |
| Nystagmus | An enzyme present in muscle, brain, and other tissues of vertebrates that catalyzes the reversible conversion of ADP and phosphocreatine into ATP and creatine. |
| Organophospate poisn; antidotes | atropine sulfate; 2-PAM (protopam) |
| Organophospate poisn; prevention | use products as labeled, avoid use of insecticides |
| White Muscle Disease | calves, pigs, lambs, vitamin E and/or selenium deficiency; stiff movement with arched back; Dx - history, signs, necropsy, blood chemistry |
| White Muscle Disease Tx | sodium, selenite and V/E by injection |
| Exertional Rhabdomyolysis | horses, occ canines; buildup of lactic acid (forced exercise after feed); fever profuse sweating, trembling, rapid pulse, weakness in hindlimbs, stiff gaite myoglobinuria |
| Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Dx; Tx | history, signs elevated CK and AST; Rest fluids, laxatives, anitinflammatories, sedation, massage, diet |
| NSAID | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as aspirin or ibuprofen. |
| NSAID purpose | inhibits enzyme cyclooxygenase (cox); analgesia, anti-pyretic |
| NSAID side effects | GI ulceration, bleeding tendencies, CATS |
| NSAID's | Salicylates (aspirin), Pyrazolone derivatives, Carprofen (rimadyl), etodolac (etogesic), selective COX enzyme inhibitors |
| opioid analgesics | moderate to severe pain, bind to receiptors blocking transmission of pain impulses |
| Opioid classes | agaonist (morphine derivatives) mixed agonist/antagonist |
| Agonist effects | can be reversed, Naloxone, Nallorphine, Naltrexone |
| Pure Agonists | Morphine derivatives (morphine, oxymorphone, meperidine, doceine, fentanyle; class II |
| Pure agonists side eff | respiratory depression, sedation and vomiting, panting and sensitivty to noise, Horses and cats have bad reactions; all effects can be reversed with an antagonist |
| Mixed angonist/antagonist | synthetics; butorphanel (torbugesic) and buprenorphine (buprenex), should not be given with pure agonists, less severe side-effects |
| Muscle relaxants | acute inflammatory cond, methocarbamol (robaxin), intervertebral disks disease, sprains, azoturia |
| corticosterioids | Sterioids, glucocorticoids; Tx inflamation, ruritus, Immune mediated cond, manage not cure; adrenal gland prod similar compounds, cortisol |
| Corticosteriods eff | inhibition of the prostaglandin, stabalization of cell memb to prevent reelase of harmful enzymes, inhibition of antibody formation |
| corticosteriods side effects | inhibition of healing, masking signs of disease, P/P, muscle wasting, polyphagia, suppresion of normal cortisol function, gastric ulceration and liver damage |
| Corticosterioids brands | dexamethasone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, betamethosone, solu-medrol |
Created by:
wccvettech
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