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Plant Structure Text
Textbook Chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is morphology? | The study or science of the form, structure, and development of plants |
| What is histology? | The science that deals with the microscopic structure of plant or animal tissues |
| Our Major food, fiber, wood, and ornamental plants belongs to? | gymnosperms |
| What is Gymnosperm? | A seed plant with seeds not enclosed by a megasporophyll or pistill. Narrow leaves |
| What is Phylum? | Plural:Pyla. A primary division of the animal and plant kingdom |
| What is Angiosperms? | broad-leaved, flowering plants. |
| What are two subclasses for the Angiosperm? | 1)Monocotyledons-embryo with one cotyledon 2)Dicotyledons-embryo with two cotyledons |
| What are the shortened names for the monocotyledons and Dicotyledons? | Monocot and dicot |
| What is Plumule? | The first bud of an embryo or the portion of the young shoot above the cotyledons |
| What is Radicle? | The part of the embryonic axis that becomes the primary root. The first part of the embryo to start growth during seed germination |
| The Radicle grow downward through protective sheath, the _________. | Coleorhiza |
| What is Coleorhiza? | Sheath that surrounds the radicle of the grass embryo and through which the young developing root emerges |
| What is Adventitious roots? | roots other than those that develop from the radicle |
| The emerging plumule is protected by a sheath like leaf, the ______. | Coleoptile |
| What is Coleoptile? | A transitory membrane(first leaf) covering the shoot apex in the seedlings of certain monocots. It protects the plumule as it emerges through the soil |
| When the corn plant has reached a given size, producing a set number of leaves, female flowers, known as ___________. | Pitillate flowers-or ears appear at the base(axil) of one or more sheath leaves. |
| Later, the male flower, known as __________. | Staminate flowers or tassels develop at the top of the plant |
| What is Caryopsis? | Small, one-seeded, dry fruit with a thin pericarp surrounding and adhering to the seed; the seed(grain) or fruit of grasses. |
| Each ovary develops into a fruit called ________. | Caryopsis |
| What is hypocotyl? | Portion of a stem that is located above the root and below the cotyledon. |
| The plant ____ is basic structural and physiological units of plants, in which morest reactions characteristic of life occur. | cell |
| The tissues of the plant develop through orderly process of __________ and _________. | cell division and differentiation |
| What is Cytology? | is the branch of biology involved in the study of the components of cells and their funtions |
| What is cytoplasm? | The living material of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, consisting of a complex protein matrix or gel. The part of the cell in which essential membranes and cellular organelles are found. |
| What are the two types of cells? | 1)Prokaryotic cells 2)Eukaryotic cells |
| What is Prokaryotic cells? | have no separate cubcellular units |
| What is Eukaryotic cells? | made up of comparments bounded by membranes with specialized structures and functions. |
| What is Organelle? | A specialized region in a cell, such as mitochondria that is bound by a membrance |
| What is included in Organelle? | nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, microbodies, vacuoles, dicotyosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum |
| The organelles of the plant cell are contained with a membrane bounded ___________. | Protoplast |
| What is protoplast? | The organized living unit of a single cell |
| The ___________, also called plasmalemma | Plasma Membrane |
| What is Plasma Membrane? | is lipid bilayer surrounding the cytoplasm. It is important in maintaining a surface area for selective absorption and secretion by the cell, and plays a role in generating evergy as well. |
| What is Cytoplasm? | Cytoplasm is viscous fluid composed of matrix proteins, bounded by the emiprermeable plasma membrane. |
| The flow of organelles within the cytoplasmic matrix is called ______________. | cytoplasmic streaming-visible in active leaf cells under a light microscope |
| Within the cytoplasm is very important network of membranes, the ______ ________. | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| What is endoplasmic reticulum? | The ER the lamellar or tuular system of the colorle3ss cytoplasm in a cell |
| _______ are synthesized on the surfaces of the ER throughout the cell, on small discrete structures called_______. | Proteins, ribosomes |
| Chromoplasts contain the various plant pigments, including ________. | Chlorophyll |
| What is chlorophyll? | A complex organic molecule that traps light energy for conversion through jphtosynthesis into chemical energy |
| Chromoplasts with chlorophyll are called ________. | chloroplasts |
| What is chloroplasts? | are responsible for phtosynthesis in leaves and in some stems. |
| Enclosed by a double membrane, most chloroplasts also contain other _____, large quantities of proteins and _____, and some stored ______ | pigments, lipids, starch |
| what is pigments? | Molecules that are colored by the light they absorb |
| What is Lipid? | Any of a group of fats or fatlike compunds insoluble in water but soluble in certain solvents |
| What is starch? | A complex polysaccharide carbohydrate. The form of food commonly stored by plants. |
| Within the _________, light energy is first harvested by pigments bound to stacked membraned called _____ and then converted into chemical energy in the form of ______. | Grana, Sugar |
| What is mitochondria? | Singular: mitochondrion. Aminute particle in the cytoplasm associated with intracellular repiration |
| Mitochondria produce energy-rich compounds such as ___________. | Adenosine triphosphate(ATP) |
| The _______ is prominent organelle within the cell, enclosed by double membrane and containing one or more bodies called nucleoli. | nucleus |
| Within the nucleus are the _________, long lengths of ________. | Chromosomes, Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) |
| What is nucleus? | A dense body in the cytoplasm essential for cellular development and reproduction |
| What is chromosome? | A specific highly organized body in the nucleus of the cell that contains DNA |
| What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)? | A molecule composed of repeateing subunits of ribose(sugar), phosphate, and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine,cytosine, and thymine. Sequence of DNA molecule |
| ________ are transcribed from the DNA in the nucleus and translated in to proteins on the ______. | Genetic codes, ribosomes |
| Unlike nuclear DNA, _____________ DNA and __________DNA are inherited only from the female parent. | mitochondrial, chloroplastic |
| What is vacuole? | A cavity in the plant's cell bounded by a membrane in which various plant products and by products are stored |
| ________ may occupy a major portion of the interior of plant cells. In actively dividing cells, _____ are very small but they can account up to 90 percent of the volume of mature cells. | Vacuole |
| ________ serve as a storage reserve for water and salts as well as for toxic products. They contain watery solution of dissolved materials. | Vacuole |
| The membrane surrounding the vacuole is _______. | tonoplast |
| What is tonoplast? | Membrane that surrounds the vacuole in a plant cell. |
| The ________ protects the proplast, provides an external structure and in some tissues mayh act as a strong support for the plant. | Cell wall |
| The cell wall is nonliving, made up of ________, ____ _______, and ______. | Cellulose, Pectic substances, and Lignin |
| Between cells lies an intercellular layer called the _____ _________. | middle lamella |
| The secondary wall contains ____,____, or _____. | lignins, suberins, or cutins |
| What is Lignin? | An organic substance found in secondary cell walls that gives stems strength and hardness. Wood is composed of lignified xylem cells |
| Individual cells in a tissue are connected to one another via strants of cytoplasmic material, called _______________, which extend through the plasma membrane. | Plasmodesmata |
| The surrounding cell wall forms channels around the plasmodesmata, called _____. | pits |
| Large tracts of organized cells of similar structure t hat performs a collective function are referred to as ______. | Tissues |
| What are the two types of tissues? | 1)meristemetic tissue 2)Permanent Tissue |
| What is Meristemetic tissue? | actively dividing cells that develop and differentiate into yet othertissues and organs. It has thin walls and dense protoplasts. Found in root and shoot tips, just above nods and woody perennials(cambium layer). |
| What is Permanent Tissue? | 1)simple tissue=epidermis, parenchyma,schlerenchyma, and collenchyma 2)Complex tissue=xylem and phloem |
| What are the common categories of meristematic tissues? | 1)Apical meristems 2)Shoot 3)Root 4)Subapical meristems 5)Intercalary meristems 6)Lateral Meristems 7)Vascular cambium 8)Cork cambium |
| Explain Apical Meristem | 1)produce new buds and leaves |
| Explain Shoot Apical Meristem | produces epidermis,cortex,primary xylem and phloem and central pith, tissues that form the primary structure of the stem |
| Explain Root meristem | located at the various termini of the roots, are the growing points for the root system. |
| Some plants have a dominant ___ ____ which develops downward, together with limited lateral root growth. | tap root |
| What is tap root? | An elongated deeply growing primary root ex. carrots, beets, and turnips. |
| Many plants however, do not have a dominant tap root. Instead, the root branch in many directions creating ___ _____ system. | Fibrous root system |
| What is Fibrous root system? | Root system characterized by many multi-directional branches |
| What is Subapical Meristem? | Region that produces, new cells a few micrometers behind an active shoot or apical meristem |
| The _____ ______ produces new cells in the region a few micrometers behind an active shoot or apical meristem. | Subapical Meristem |
| What is Intercalary Meristem | Active tissues that have been separated from the apical meristem by regions of more mature of developed tissues. |
| What is Lateral Meristem | It produce secondary growth, are cylinders of actively dividing cells starting somewhat elow the apical or subapical meristems and continuing through the plant axis. |
| Subapical Meristem, Intercalary Meristem, Lateral Meristems are called __________. | Vascular cambium |
| What is Vascular Cambium? | It produces new xylem(water and mineral conducting elements) and new phloem (photosynthate conducting elements) and cork cambium (produces bark and protective covering of old stems and roots) |
| What is Phloem? | A tissue through which nutritive and other materials are translocated through the plantj. The phloem consists of sieve tube cells, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and fibers |
| What is Xylem? | Specialized cells through which water and mineral move upward from the soil through a plant |
| What are the sub categories of Permanent tissue? | 1)simple tissue 2)complex tissue |
| What is simple tissue? | composed of only one type of cell. Ex. epidermis, parenchyma, sclerenchyma, collenchyma, and cork. |
| What is complex tissue? | It is mixed ontaining different kinds of cells. ex. Xylem and phloem |
| Explain Simple tissue's Epidermis | 1)epidermis=single exterior layer of cells that protects stems, leaves, flowers and roots. Leaves usually colorless except for Guard cells of the stomata which contain chlorophyll and are green.It actively absorb water from soil |
| Explain Simple tissue's Parenchyma tissue | is made up of living thin walled cells with large vacuoles and many flattened sides. Parenchyma leave, active in phtosynthesis. When it's wounded able to regenerate. |
| Explain Simple tissue's Sclerenchyma tissue | is composed of thick walled cells found throughout the plant as fibers or sclereids.Common in stems and bark and are also found as stone cells in pear fruits and walnut shells. |
| Explain Simple tissue's Collenchyma tissue | Give support to young stems, petioles, and the veins of leaves. The walls and jcorners of the cells are thickened, primarily by cellulose, to provide reinforcement |
| Explain Simple tissue's Cork Tissue | occurs commonly in the bark of maturing stems, the trunks of trees, potato skins. The cell walls are waterproffed with a waxy material called suberin. Cork cells soon lose their protoplasts and die but contiue to retain their structure and shape. |
| What sub categories in Complex Tissue? | 1)Xylem 2)Tracheids 3)Fibers 4)Phloem 5)Vessels 6)Sieve tube |
| What is xylem in Complex tissue? | is a structurally complex tissue that conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to all parts of the plant. The cells found in the xylem maybe vessels, tracheids,fibers and parenchyma |
| What is vessels in Complex tissue? | long tubes made up of short vessel members that are joined end to end after the end walls of the cells have dissolved |
| What is Tracheids in Complex tissue? | Long, tapered, dead cells that conduct water through pits. It supports the strength to stems of gymnosperms. |
| What is Fibers in Complex tissue? | Elongated, tapering, thick walled stregthening cells in various parts of the plant |
| What is Phloem in Complex tissue? | conducts food and metabolites fro the leaves to the stem, flowers, roots and storage organs.It comprises sieve tube members, companion cells, fibers, and parenchyma |
| What is Sieve tube in Complex tissue? | are long slender cells with porous end called sieve plates. Sievetube members only occur in angiosperms. |
| What is Phloem fibers in Complex tissue? | thick walled cells that provide stem support. Phloem made up of living cells. Unlike xylem, made up of hollow tubes created from dead cells. |
| What is root? | responsible for absorbing and conducting water and mineral nutrients and for anchoring and supporting the plant. Some roots act as phtosynthesized food.Roots of some plants are able to store water and phtosynthate |
| The root meristem gives rise to the ___ ___, ______, _____ and _____ _____ ______ | root cap, epidermis cortex and central vascular cylinder |
| What is root cap? | thimble shaped group of cells that protect the actively dividing meristem as it penetrates the soil |
| The cortical region is mainly composed of storage parenchyma cells. A single layer of inner cortical cells forms the ________. | Endodermis |
| What is Endodermis? | tissue found only in the root and not the stem. |
| Each thin walled endodermal cell is completely encircled by a narrow, thickened band of waterproofed material known as the ____________. | Casparian Strip |
| What is the Casparian Strip? | A secondary thickening that develops on the radial and end walls of some endodermal cells |
| The ________ layer gives rise to various tissues of the ______ _______. | Procambium layer, vascular cylinder |
| What is Pericycle? | Outermost layer of cells of the central core and lies just insde the endodermis. |
| Where does Pericycle develops? | develops from a single parenchyma cell layer on the outer portion of the procambium. |
| The ________ is a meristematic region producing lateral(branch) roots that grow outwardly through the cortex and epidermis. | Pericycle |
| The pericycle and the vascular cylinder are collectively called the _____. | Stele |
| What is Adventitious roots? | forms at any place on plant tissue other than the radicle of germinating sid and its extensions. It arise frm meristematic cells adjecent to vascular bundles r frm cambium r yng phloem cells in yng stems of woody perenials.rise from plant parts not stems |
| The __Stem__ develops from three primary tissues produced by the apical meristem: the ________, the _____ _____, the _________. | protoderm, ground meristem, procambium |
| The epidermis of leaves and young stems has pores which is called? | Stomata |
| What does Stomata do? | gas exhange |
| Where is the cortex's location? | it lies just beneath the epidermis and encircles the inner core of the vascular tissue. |
| What does cortex comprises? | it comprises parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and secretory cells. |
| What is Parenchyma cells ability? | it's ability is to divide and form new tissue when sounded, thus providing a protective mechanism for the stem. |
| What is location of Collenchyma? | It is the outer cell layer of the cortex adjacent to the epidermal layer. These cells may be thickened at the corners and their walls contain cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Therefore, it adds strength to stem. |
| What is Sclerenchyma's ability? | It have thick lignified walls. They can form long fibers which are source of strength in mature stems. |
| What is Secretory cells? | It produce resinous substances and are commonly found in pine trees. |
| The vascular system of seed bearing plants consists of the ? | pericycle, phloem, vascular cambium, xylem, pith rays, and pith |
| The vascular system differs among three broad groups of plants: | 1)gymnosperms and woody dicot angiosperm perennials 2)herbaceous dicot plants (potato,petunia) 3)monocot plants (corn, date palms) |
| What is cork cambium(phellogen)? | is a meristematic tissue, provides cells that grow both outward and inward, phelloderm. |
| What is lenticel? | An opening made up of loosely arranged cells in the periderm that permits passage of gasses |
| In the young twigs and small trunks of many kinds of trees and shrubs pore openings(________) allow the inward and outward diffusion of gases. | Lenticels |
| Herbaceous Dicot plants | The vascular bundles usually remains sperated and distinct. THey are arranged in a single circle in the stem. A larger proportion of the herbaceous stem is cortex and pith rather than xylem or phloem. |
| Herbaceous Monocot plants | Stem growth origin frm apical meristem that produces vasucular bundles scattered thr/out the parenchyma. The sclerenchyma near epidermis thick walled cells surounding bundles support in monocot stems. It has no continuous cambium so lack 2ndary growth |
| Woody Perennial Monocot plants | Parenchyma cells continue to divide and enlarge, thus allowing for lateral stem enlargement.no actual lateral meristem is involved |
| Stem forms? | 1)rhizome 2)stolons 3)corms 4)bulbs 5)tubers 6)leaves 7)mesophyll 8)stomates 9)guard cells |
| What is rhizome? | underground stem that grows horizontally. ex. bananas, cannas, certain irises, certain bamboos, burmuda grass |
| What is stolons? | are stems that grow horizontally above ground sometimes called, runners, stolons can develop roots in teh soil at every node or at every other node. Ex. Strawberry |
| What is corms? | are thickened compressed stems that grow underground.Buds on corms sprout to produce upright stems, which bear leaves and flowers. Ex. Gladiolus, crocus |
| What is bulbs? | are highliy compressed underground stems which numerous storage leaves are attached. it provide a means for some species to survive the cold of winter and the dry soil of summer. |
| What is Tubers? | are enlarged fleshy terminal portions of underground stems. ex. white potato |
| What is Leaves and monocot leaves? | Leaves are initiated by the apical shoot meristem. Monocot leaves such as grasses and palm trees have strap shaped leaves with parallel veins. The veins contain vasuclar bundle(Palisade, spongy mesophyll, parenchyma cells). |
| Dicot leaves? | Most dicot leaves have veins arranged in the shape of nets. The large primary veins divide into smaller secondary veins. Veins are made up of xylem and phloem. |
| (leaves)What does spongy mesophyll parenchyma contains? | intercellular spaces through which carbon dioxide, oxygen and water pass. The outer layer of skin of the leaf is largely made up of epidermal cells. These epidermal layer contains stomates surrounded by guard cells. |
| What is the primary function of leaves? | 1)Photosynthesis 2)transpiration The guard cells controls the opening and closing of stomata through carbon dioxide and oxygen is released. |
| What is transpiration? | The loss of water from the leaf by evaporation. It help reulate leaf temperature and provides the force that draws water into and through the xylem. |
| Some plants have modified leaf surfaces that affect the rate of transpiration. The leaves of some plants, such as cabbage, have thick waxy surface (______) that greatly reduce water loss. | Cuticle |
| What does epidermal cells do in leaves? | produce elongated hairs that reduce the wind velocity at the leaf surface, thus reducing the transpiration rate. Ex. Native plants minimize water loss by having stomata sunken deep in the epidermal layer |
| In most dicot plants leaf is made up of the _______. | Blade(thin and often flat part of leaf) |
| The flat thin part; the stemlike _____, which attaches the blade to the stem; | Petiole (stalk that attaches a leaf blade to a stem) |
| And in some plants the _____ at the base of petiole. Some leaf blades are attached directly to the stem and lack a petiole or stipules. These are termed ______ leaves | 1)Stipules (Appendage at the base of a leaf where it attaches to the stem) 2)Sessile leaves (used in reference to flowers, florets, leaves , leaflets, or fruits that are attached directly to a shoot and not borne on any type of stalk |
| Leaves are usually classified as ______ or _______. | 1)simple (single leaf) 2)compound (one with three or more leaflets) |
| The best test to examine the difference rather it is simple leaf or compound leaf is to examine the ______. | Petiole true leaf (simple) has bud in this location, compound leaf does not |
| A compound leaf resembling a feather is termed _______. | pinnate |
| One resembling the palm of a hand is called _______. | palmate |
| What is trifoliate? | it is a compound leaf which has three leaflets as in the bean plants. |
| A ____ can be defined as an undeveloped shoot or flower. | Bud |
| Buds include? | 1)vegetative buds, which develop into a shoot 2)flower buds, which open to produce flower 3)mixed buds which open to produce both shoots and flowers. |
| ______ _______ can develop in places where buds generally do not form such as buds arising on root pieces when root cuttings are made | Adventitious buds |
| In the angiosperms, specialized florla leaves borne and arranged on the stem are adapted for sexual reproduction; these are the _____. | Flowers |
| After fertilization portions of the flower develop into a _____, which bears the _____. | fruit, seed |
| Flowers can be vary according to | 1)species 2)genus 3)family |
| What is complete flowers? | it has four parts, Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil. |
| What is Sepal? | are leaflike scales that encircle the other flower parts as in the carnation and rose. Mostly it's green sometimes they are the same color as the petals. |
| Sepals collectively are called the ______. | Calyx( collection term of sepal) |
| The ____ are the next whorl of floral leaves inward from sepals | Petals(part of flower ofter brightly color) |
| The collective term for Petal is ? | Corolla |
| Sepals and petals collectively are called ________. | Perianth |
| The next whorl of floral organs in a complete flower is the male part _______. | Stamen |
| Each stamen consists of a _______ and _______. | 1)filament (stalk portion of stamen) 2)anther (In flower, the saclike structure of the stamen in which microspores are produced usually borne on a filament) |
| The Anther produces ______. | Pollen (yellow bodies that are borne within the anthers of flower and contain the maile generative cells) |
| The group of stamens is the ____________. | Andoecium |
| The carpel (also called ______) the central female component of the flower. | pistil |
| What is ovary? | The basal, generally enlarged part of the pitil in which seeds are formed. The ovary, at maturity, is a fruit. It is a characteristic organ of angiospermous plants |
| What is ovule? | A rudimentary seed containing before ferilization the embryo sac, including an egg cell, all being enclosed in the nucellus and one or two integuments |
| What is placenta? | The tissue within the ovary to which the ovules are attached |
| The ______, attached to the lower end of the style. The ovary contains undeveloped _______ that are attached to a _______. | ovary,ovules,placenta |
| The incomplete flower | lack one or more of the four parts:sepals,petal,stamens,or pistil. |
| What is the perfect flower? | flowers with both stamens and pistils are called perfect flowers |
| Flowers with stamens only and no pistils are called _________. | Staminate flower |
| flowers with pistils but no stamens are called? | Pistillate flowers |
| Staminate or pistillate flowers are by definition ________ _______. | imperfect flowers |
| Plants having both staminate and pistillate flowers borne on the same plant are termed? | monoecious. |
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