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Chapter 8...
language, thinking, and reasoning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| language (p 286) | largely arbitrary system of communication that combines symbols (such as words or gestural signs) in rule-based ways to create meaning |
| phoneme (p 287) | category of sounds our vocal apparatus produces |
| morpheme (p 287) | smallest meaningful unit of speech |
| syntax (p 287) | grammatical rules that govern how words are composed into meaningful strings |
| extralinguistic information (p 287) | elements of communication that aren't part of the content of language but are critical to interpreting its meaning |
| semantics (p 288) | meaning deirved from words and sentences |
| dialect (p 288) | language variation used by a group of people who share geographic proximity or ethnic background |
| sound symbolism (p 289) | the fact that certain word sounds seem to have intrinsic meanings |
| babbling (p 290) | intentional vocalization that lacks specific meaning |
| one word stage (p 290) | early period of language development when children use single-word phrases to convey an entire thought |
| high-amplitude sucking procedure(p 290) | takes advantages of one of the few behaivors over which infants have good control at birth-sucking |
| sign language (p 292) | language developed by members of a deaf community that uses visual rather than auditory communication |
| bilingual (p 293) | proficient and fluent at speaking and comprehending two distinct languages |
| metalinguistic (p 293) | awareness of how language is structured and used |
| homesign (p 294) | system of signs invented by deaf children of hearing parents who receive no language input |
| generative (p 296) | allowing an infinite number of unique sentences to be created by combining words in novel ways |
| nativist (p 296) | account of language acquisition that suggests children are born with some basic knowledge of how language works |
| language acqisition device (p 296) | hypothetical organ in the brain in which nativits believe knowledge of syntax resides |
| social pragmatics (p 296) | account of language acquisition that proposes children infer what words and sentences mean from context and social interactions |
| linguistic determinism (p 300) | view that all thought is represented verbally and that, as a result, our language defines our thinking |
| linguistic relativity (p 301) | view that characteristics of language shape our thought processes |
| whole word recognition (p 302) | reading strategy that involves identifying common words based on their appearance without having to sound them out |
| phonetic decomposition (p 302) | reading strategy that involves sound out words by drawing correspondences between printed letters and sounds |
| thinking (p 305) | any mental activity or processing of information, including learning, remembering, perceiving, communicating, believing, and deciding. |
| concept (p 307) | our knowledge and ideas about a set of objects, actions, and or characteristis that share core properties |
| decision making (p 307) | the process of selecting among a set of possible alternatives |
| framing (p 307) | the way a question is formulated which can influence the decisions people make |
| problem solving (p 308) | generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal |
| algorithm (p 308) | step-by-step learned procedure used to solve a problem |
| mental set (p 310) | phenomenon of becoming stuck in a specific problem-solving strategy, nhitibing our ability to generate alternatives |
| functional fixedness (p 310) | difficulty conceptualizing that an object typically used for one puprose can be used for another |
Created by:
kreadnour
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