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Psy 101 Exam two
Chapters 8, 4, 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | Examines the influence of social environment on the actions of individuals and groups. |
| Cultural Psychology | Examines the influence of cultural environment on the actions of individuals and groups. |
| Social Norms | Rules that regulate social life, including explicit laws and implicit cultural convention. |
| Roles | Positions that are regulated by norms about how people in those positions should behave. |
| Culture | A program of shared rules that govern the behavior of people in a community or society, and a set a values, beliefs, and customs shared by most members of that community. |
| What is Milgram’s Study? | Stanley Milgram wanted to know how many people would obey when directly ordered to violate their ethics. He found that 2/3 of the participants obeyed to the fullest extent, delivering the highest shock. The study revealed that obedience is situationalt. |
| In Milgram’s study, under what circumstances did the participants disobey? | When the authority figure left the room, When the victim was right there in the room, When two (experimenters) issued conflicting demands, When the authority figure was an ordinary man, When the participant worked with peers who refused to obey. |
| What is the Stanford Prision Experiment? | Zimbardo set up a prision in the basement of the psychology building at Stanford, and randomly assigned the roles of guards and prisioners to ordinary students. he found that the students conformed into their roles. |
| Why do people obey when they feel wrong about it? | Some reasons are 1.) They allocate the responsibility to the authority, 2.) The task has become very routine, 3.) They want to be polite, 4.)Become entrapped |
| Entrapment | A gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort. |
| What is Asch’s experiment? | Asch wanted to know how people would react when a group all gave the obvious wrong answer. What he found was 20% of students gave the right answer, 1/3 of students conformed to the group’s incorrect decision half the time and the rest conformed sometime. |
| Under what conditions are people more likely to conform? | In groups of 3-5 people, who are similar to the person. |
| Under what conditions are people less likely to conform? | When they have an ally or when they are allowed to answer in private. |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | People act in certain ways because that is who they are. Blame personality traits. |
| Self-serving Bias | When I do good things, it is because of my personality traits, when I do bad things, it is because of the situation. |
| Hostile Attribution Bias | The tendency to interpret neutral or ambiguous situations as hostile or dangerous. |
| Just-World Hypothesis | The notion that the world is fair and that justice is served. That bad people are punished and good people are rewarded. |
| Groupthink | The tendency for all members of a group to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement. |
| What are the 6 characteristics of Groupthink | Close-mindedness, Rationalization, Squelching dissent, Formation of mindguard, Feeling of invulnerability, and Sense of unanimity. |
| What are the consequences of groupthink? | Bad, costly decisions. |
| Bystander Effect | In large crowds, it is less likely someone will help because they assume someone else will. |
| What are some exceptions to the bystander effect? | If the large group can see each other, and see that no one has taken action, someone well. Or if the large group know the victim, they well help. |
| What are the parts of a neuron? | Dendrites, Cell body, Axon, Terminal Bulbs. |
| Dendrites | A neuron’s branches that receive information from other neurons and transmit it toward the cell body. |
| Cell body | The part of the neuron that keeps it alive and determines whether or not it will fire. |
| Axon | A neuron’s extending fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body and transmits them to other neurons. |
| Terminal Bulbs | Sends off messages. |
| Myelin sheath- | A fatty insulation around the axon, that allows messages to be transmitted faster,and smoother. |
| Sensory (Afferent) Neurons | Signals are transmitted from the nerves to the brain. |
| Motor (Efferent) Neurons | Brain sends signals to the nerves. |
| Interneurons | Nerves that communicate with other nerves, not the brain. |
| Synapse | The site where transmission of a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to another occurs. |
| Reuptake | Sucks up remaining neurotransmitters in the synapse, back into the terminal bulbs. |
| Neurotransmitter | A chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse and that alters the activity of a receiving neuron. |
| Endorphins | Chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in structure and action to opiates. They are involved in pain-reduction, pleasure, and memory. |
| Hormones | Chemical substances, secreted by organ called glands, that affect the functioning of other organs. |
| Acetylcholine | Motor control over muscles, learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming. |
| Norephinephrine | Arousal and vigilance, eating behavior. |
| Dopamine | Reward and motivation, motor control over voluntary movement. |
| Serotonin | Emotional states and impulsiveness, Dreaming. |
| GABA | Inhibition of action potentials, anxiety and intoxication. |
| Glutamate | Enhances action potentials, learning and memory. |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | Nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | All portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; includes sensory and motor nerves. |
| Somatic Nervous System | Subdivision of PNS that connects to sensory receptors and to skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system. |
| Autonomic Nervous System(ANS) | Subdivision of the PNS that regulates the internal organs and glands. |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Subdivision of ANS that mobilizes bodily resources and increases the output of energy during emotion and stress. (fight or flight). |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Subdivision of ANS that operates during relaxed states and that conserves energy. (rest and digest). |
| Action Potential | A brief change in electrical voltage that occurs between the inside and outside of an axon when a neuron is stimulated; electrical impulse. |
| Endocrine Glands | Internal organs that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream. |
| Brain Stem | The part of the brain at the top of the spinal cord. Consists of medulla, pons, and reticular activating system. |
| Pons | Involved in sleeping, waking, and dreaming. |
| Medulla | Responsible for certain automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate. |
| Reticular Activating System | Arouses cortex and screens incoming information. |
| Cerebellum | A brain structures that regulates movement , balance, and is involved in learning simple responses, such as analyzing sensory info, solving problems, and understanding words. |
| Thalamus | brain structure that relays sensory to the cerebral cortex. (subway station of the brain). |
| Hypothalamus | Brain structure involved in emotions and survival instincts and regulates ANS. |
| What are the survival instincts the hypothalamus regulates? | 4 F’s; food, fight, fear, fornication. |
| Pituitary Gland | A small endocrine at the base of the brain that releases hormones and regulates other endocrine glands. |
| Amygdala | A brain structure involved in the arousal and regulation of emotion and the initial emotional response to sensory information. Plays an important role in mediating anxiety and depression, and emotional memory. |
| Hippocampus | Involved in the storage of new information in memory. |
| Cerebrum | the largest brain structure that is in charge of most sensory, motor, and cognitive processes. |
| What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex | Occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal lobes. |
| Occipital Lobe | lobes at lower back part of the brain’s cerebral cortex that contain areas that receive visual information. |
| Parietal Lobes | Lobes at the top of the brain’s cerebral cortex that contain areas that receive information on pressure, pain, touch, and temperature. |
| Temporal Lobes | Lobes at the sides of the brain’s cerebral cortex that contain areas involved in hearing, memory, perception, emotion, and language comprehension. |
| Frontal Lobes | Lobes at the front of the brain’s cerebral cortex that contain area involved in short-term memory, higher order thinking, initiative, social judgment, and speech production. |
| Cerebral Cortex | A collection of several thin layers of cells covering the cerebrum and it is largely responsible for higher mental functions. |
| Corpus Callosum | The bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. |
| Split-Brain Experiment | Subjects were presented information to one of the sides of their brains and the patients identified verbally with pictures on the right, and pointed to the left picture. |
| Sensation | Process by which stimuli that impinges on our sensory organs is received, transformed and processed into neural impulses |
| Perception | Process by which neural impulses (signals) are turned into meaningful representations of the external world. (Brain's interpretation of signals) |
| Psychophysics | Study of relationships between the features of physical stimuli and the sensations/ perceptions we experience |
| Absolute Threshold | Smallest amount of a given stimulus a person can sense |
| Just noticeable difference | The smallest amount that 2 things have to be different to be different (in magnitude of energy) in order for the difference to be detected. |
| Weber's Law | The greater the magnitude of the stimulus, the larger a difference to be detected |
| What is the ratio to tell the difference between two stimuli | 1g/40g |
| Signal Detection Theory | Our ability to detect a stimulus depends on: 1.) properties of the stimulus 2.)Level of background stimulation (noise) 3.) the biological and psychological aspects of the perceiver |
| Rods and Cones are? | Specialized cells sensitive to light; photoreceptors in the retina |
| Rods | Sensitive to intensity/ brightness, allows to see shapes in low light and peripheral seeing |
| Cones | Sensitive to wavelengths |
| How many rod(s) are attached to 1 neuron? | 10-20 rods |
| How many cone(s) are attached to 1 neuron | 1 cone |
| What colors do cones "see" | Red, green, blue-violet |
| How are we able to see other colors when the cones only see red, green, and blue-violet? | All the other colors we see are combinations of red, green, and blue-violet |
| What do cones need that rods don't? | Good light |
| Shape constancy | We perceive objects as retaining their shape, even when the shape cast on the retina changes |
| Location Constancy | We perceive objects as staying in one location despite it moving on our retina |
| Size constancy | We perceive objects as remaining the same size, despite changes in the size of the object on our retina |
| Why are we vulnerable to visual illusions? | Size constancy |
| What is the trick behind the Ponzo Illusion and Muelly-Lyer illusion? | The objects are the same size but our brain perceives one to be further away and is perceived to be bigger. |
| Selective Attention | Limiting your attention to certain stimuli while filtering out other stimuli (like counting how many passes a basketball team makes and ignoring the moon-walking bear) |
| Perceptual Set | The tendency for our perceptions to be influenced by our expectations, preconceptions or prior experience |
| Gestalt Principles of Perception | Humans tend to perceive stimuli in terms of context and also tend to group bits and pieces of info into unitary wholes |
| What are principles in Gestalt Principles of Perceptions? | Proximity, closure, similarity, and continuity. |
| What is a lobotomy? | Part or all of the frontal lobe is surgically moved. |
| When is a lobotomy used as a treatment? | It is used with patients who have severe mental problems. They are easier to control, but they don't have any quality of life. |
| What disease is correlated with a small hippocampus | P.T.S.D. |
| How does Neurotransmission work? | neurotransmitters in vesicles fuse to the presynaptic membrane during an action potential, and release their contents into the synapse. In the synapse, they bind to the postsynaptic receptors or are reuptaked |
| Diffusion of Resposibility | In groups, the tendency of members to avoid taking action because they assume that others will |
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