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Psychology Ch-7
Psychology Ch 7 memory 10th edition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acoustic Code | Mental representation of information as a sequence of sounds |
| Anterograde amnesia | failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma |
| Chunk | A stimulus or group of stimuli that is perceived as a discrete piece of information |
| Context-dependent memory | Information that is better retrieved in teh context in which it was encoded and stored, or learned. |
| Displace | In memory theory, to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information |
| Dissociative amnesia | A dissociative disorder marked by loss of memory or self-identity; skills and general knowledge are usually retained. Thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma. |
| Echo | A mental representation of an auditory stimulus (sound) that is held briefly in sensory memory |
| Echoic memory | The sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli. |
| Eidetic imagery | The maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes. |
| Elaborative rehearsal | The kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known. |
| Encoding | Modifying information so that it can be placed in memory; the first stage of information processing. |
| Engram | An assumend electrical circuit in the brain that corresponded to a memory trace. |
| Episodic memory | Memories of events experienced by a person or that take place in the person's presence |
| Explicit memory | Memory that clearly and distictly expresses (explicates) specific information; also referred to as declarative memory |
| Feeling-of-knowing experience | Same as tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon |
| Flashbulb memory | A memory that is highly detailed and strongly emotionally elaborated because of its great and unusual significance |
| Hippocampus | A structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in the formation of new memories |
| Icon | A mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory |
| Iconic Memory | The sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of visual stimuli |
| Implicit memory | Memory that is suggested (implied) but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do but do not state clearly; also referred to as nondeclarative memory |
| Infantile amnesia | Inability to recall events that occurred prior to the age of 3 or so; also termed childhood amnesia |
| interference theory | The view that we may forget stored material because other learning interferes with it. |
| Long-term memory | the type or stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage. |
| Long-term potentiation (LTP) | Enhanced efficiency in synaptic tranmission that follows brief, rapid stimulation. |
| Maintenance rehearsal | Mental repetition of information to keep it in memory. |
| memory | The processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. |
| memory trace | an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus. memory traces are said to be 'held' in sensory registers |
| metamemory | self-awareness of hte ways memory frunctions, allowing the person to encode, store, and retrieve information effectively |
| Method of savings | A measure of retention in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally require to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of the time has elapsed is calculated. |
| Misinformation effect | The shaping of bogus or slanted memories by providing inaccurate information as, for examplex in the form of 'leading questions' |
| Nonsense syllables | Meaningless sets of two consonants, with a vowel sandwiched between, that are used to study memory |
| Paired associates | Nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall |
| Primacy effect | (a)The tendency to recall the initial items in a series of items (b) The tendency to evaluate others in terms of first impressions |
| Priming | The activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory |
| Proactive interference | The interference of old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently |
| Prospective memory | Memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs |
| Recall | Retrieval or reconstruction of learned material |
| Recency effect | (a)the tendency to recall the last items in a series of items (b) The tendency to evaluate others in terms of the most recent impression. |
| Recognition | In information processing, the easiest memory task, involving identification of objects or events encountered before. |
| Relearning | A measure of retention. Material is usually relearned more quickly than it is learned initially |
| Repression | A defense mechanism that protects the person from anxiety by ejection axiety-evoking ideas and impulses from awareness; in Freud's psychodynamic theory, the automatic(unconscious) ejection of anxiety evoking ideas, impulses, or images from awareness |
| Retrieval | The location of stored infromation and its return to consciousness; the third stage of information processing |
| Retrieval Cue | A clue or prompt that can be used to enable or trigger the recovery of a memory in storage. |
| Retroactive interference | The interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously |
| Retrograde amnesia | failure to remember events taht occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma |
| Retrospective memory | Memory for past events, activities, and learning experiences, as shown by explicit ( episodic and semantic) and implicit memories |
| Rote | Mechanical associative learning that is bases on repetition |
| Saccadic eye movement | The rapid jumps made by a person's eyes as they fixate on different points |
| Savings | The difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed |
| Schema | A way of mentally representing the world,such as a belief or an expectation,that can influence perception of persons,objects,and situations;according to Piaget, a hypothetical mental structure that permits the classification and organization of new info |
| Semantic code | Mental representation of information accordingly to its meaning |
| Semantic memory | General knowledge, as opposed ot episodic memory |
| Sensory memory | The type or stage of memory fist encountered by a stimulus. Sensory memory holds impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous. |
| Sensory register | A system of memory that holds information briefly, but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous |
| Sensory register | A system of memory that holds information briefly, but long enough so that it can be processed further. there may be a sensory register for every sense |
| Serial-position effect | Teh tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series |
| Short-term memory | The type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays; aslo called working memory |
| State-dependent memory | Information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned |
| Storage | The maintenance of information over time; the second stage of information processing |
| Tip-of-the-tonge (TOT) phenomenon | The feeling that information is stroed in memory although it cannot be readely retrieved; also called the feeling-of knowing experience |
| Visual Code | Mental representation of information as a picture |
| Working memory | Same as short term memory |
Created by:
RMJ
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