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AP Psych 3A
Neural Processing & the Endocrine System. Myers' Psychology for AP
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| biological psychology | concerned with the link between biology and behavior. |
| neuron | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. |
| sensory neurons | neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. |
| motor neurons | neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. |
| interneurons | neurons within the brain and spinal cord. They communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. |
| dendrite | the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. |
| axon | the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. Sometimes several feet. |
| myelin sheath | layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons; enables the transmission to go faster. |
| action potential | the neural impulse that travels down the axon |
| threshold | the minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. (the force of the pinch before the actual "ow" reaction) |
| synapse | the junction between the terminal buds of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. |
| reuptake | a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron. |
| endorphins | "morphine within" natural opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control & to pleasure. |
| nervous system | the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. |
| central nervous system | the brain & spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | the sensory & motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
| nerves | bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. |
| somatic nervous system | division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles |
| autonomic nervous system | the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands & muscles of internal organs. Self-regulated system. |
| sympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body |
| parasympathetic nervous system | division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body |
| reflex | a simple, autonomic response to a sensory stimulus. |
| endocrine system | the body's slow, chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. |
| hormones | chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues. |
| adrenal glands | a pair of endocrine glands that sit above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress. adrenaline = epinephrine |
| pituitary gland | the endocrine system's most influential gland. Controlled by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland regulates growth & controls other endocrine glands. |
| resting potential | the fluid interior of a resting axon has an excess of negatively charged ions, while the fluid outside the axon membrane has more positively charged ions. positive-outside/negative-inside state. |
| excitatory neural signals from other neurons: | pushing a neuron's accelerator |
| inhibitory neural signals from other neurons: | pushing a brake |
| epigenetic link | the idea that certain genes can be turned on & off based on behavior by the environment |
| acetylcholine | hormone that enables muscle action, learning, and memory. if it deteriorates, you get alzheimer's |
| dopamine | hormone that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. happy drug. |
| serotonin | hormone that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. undersupply linked to depression. |
| norepinephrine | hormone that helps control alertness & arousal. Undersupply can depress mood. |
| GABA | A hormone that is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter hormone involved in memory. undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia. |
| glutamate | hormone that is a major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory. Oversupply can stimulate brain producing migraines or seizures. avoid MSG in food. |
| agonist | similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites & mimic its effects |
| antagonists | bind to receptors to BLOCK a neurotransmitter's function. similar enough to get in & block, but not similar enough to stimulate the receptor. |
| parathyroids | help regulate the level of calcium in the blood |
| pancreas | regulates the level of sugar in the blood |
| thyroid | gland- affects metabolism among other things |
Created by:
Emilyy28
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