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Chapters5and6
Review test #2 (chapters 5 and 6)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ambivalent sexism | A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings |
| Contact hypothesis | The theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce prejudice under certain conditions |
| Discrimination | behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group |
| Group | two or more persons perceived as related because of their interactions, membership in the same social category, or common fate |
| Illusory correlation | an overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated |
| Implicit racism | racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally |
| Ingroup favoritism | the tendency to discriminate in favor of in-groups over out-groups |
| Ingroups | groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity |
| Jigsaw classroom | a cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts |
| Modern racism | a form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize |
| Outgroup homogeneity effect | The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups |
| Outgroups | groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity |
| Prejudice | negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups |
| Racism | prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another |
| Realistic conflict theory | the theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources |
| Relative deprivation | feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others |
| Sexism | prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another |
| Social categorization | the classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes |
| Social dominance orientation | a desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups |
| Social identity theory | the theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem |
| Social role theory | the theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women |
| Stereotype | a belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics |
| Stereotype content model | a model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth |
| Stereotype threat | the experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group |
| Subliminal presentation | a method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them |
| Superordinate goal | a shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups |
| Attribution theory | a group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior |
| Availability heuristic | the tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind |
| Base-rate faliacy | the finding that people are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical base rates |
| Belief in a just world | the belief that individuals get what they deserve in life, and orientation that leads people to disparage victims |
| Belief perseverance | the tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited |
| Central traits | traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions |
| Confirmation bias | the tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs |
| Counterfactual thinking | the tendency to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occurred but did not |
| Covariation principle | a principle of attribution theory that holds that people attribute behavior to factors that are present when a behavior occurs and are absent when I does not. |
| False-consensus effect | the tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes and behaviors |
| Fundamental attribution error | the tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other people’s behavior |
| Implicit personality theory | a network of assumptions people make about the relationships among traits and behaviors |
| Imprssion formation | the process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression |
| Information integration theory | the theory that impressions are based on (1) perceiver dispositions and (2) a weighted average of a target person’s traits |
| Mind perception | the process by which people attribute humanlike mental states to various animate and inanimate obejects, including other people |
| Need for closure | the desire to reduce cognitive uncertainty, which heightens the importance of first impressions |
| Nonverbal behavior | behavior that reveals a person’s feeling without words, though facial expressions, body language, and vocal cues |
| Personal attribution | attribution to internal characteristics of an actor, such as ability, personality, mood, or effort |
| Primacy effect | the tendency for information present early in a sequence to have more impact on impressions that information presented later |
| Priming | The tendency for recently used or perceived words or ideas to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information. |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | The process by which one’s expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations. |
| situational attribution | Attribution to factors external to an actor, such as the task, other people, or luck. |
| social perception | A general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another. |
Created by:
Ranrod512
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