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PSY 101 Exam2!

Chapters 6-8 Psychology 101!

QuestionAnswer
Learning A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.
Associative Learning Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning)
Conditioning The process of learning associations.
Classical Conditioning A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
Behaviorism The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes
Neutral stimulus In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.
Unconditioned Response In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
Unconditioned Stimulus In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically- triggers a response.
Conditioned Response In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Acquisition In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
Higher-Order Conditioning Procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus.
Extinction The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus
Spontaneous Recovery The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
Generalization The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
Discrimination In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
Respondent Behavior In classical conditioning, behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Operant Conditioning A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Operant Behavior Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
The Law of Effect Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely.
Operant Chamber In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer
Shaping An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Reinforcer In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
Positive Reinforcement Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.
Negative Reinforcement Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli (it is not punishment)
Primary Reinforcer An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
Continuous Reinforcement Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.
Fixed-ratio Schedule In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
Variable-ratio Schedule In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
Fixed-interval Schedule In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
Variable-interval Schedule In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
Punishment An event that decreases the behavior it follows.
Cognitive Map A mental representation of the layout of one's environment (example rats in a maze with a reward)
Latent Learning Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
Observational Learning Learning by observing others
Modeling The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
Mirror Neurons Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so that may enable imitation and empathy.
Prosocial Behavior Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior
Sensation The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
Perception The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Bottom-up Processing Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.
Top-down Processing Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when you construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.
Psychophysics The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them
Absolute Threshold The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.
Subliminal Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
Priming The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.
Difference Threshold The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% if the time.
Weber's law The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).
Created by: jgk25
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