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Chapter 6 Review
Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensation | Detecting physical energy from the environment and then encoding it an neural signals |
| Perception | Interpreting our sensations |
| Selective Attention | At any moment we focus our awareness on only a limited aspect of all that we experience |
| Cocktail Party Effect | Ability to attend selectively to only one voice among many |
| University of Utah Experiment | Students conversing on a cell phone were slower to detect and respond to traffic |
| Change Blindness | When viewers don’t notice change in their surroundings because they are fixated on one objects |
| Visual Capture | Visual dominance in the senses |
| Gestalt Psychologists | Given a cluster of sensations, the human perceiver organizes them into a gestalt or whole |
| Figure Ground | Perceptual task to perceive any object as distinct from its surroundings |
| Grouping | Howe we perceptually bring order to our sensations |
| Proximity | We group nearby figures together |
| Similarity | Figures similar to each other we group together |
| Continuity | Perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones |
| Connectedness | When they are uniform and linked, we perceive spots, lines or areas as a single unit |
| Closure | We fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object |
| Gestalt laws | Organizing principals |
| Law of Pragnanz | Says that we are innately driven to experience things in as good as gestalt as possible |
| Law of Closure | Says that if something is missing in an otherwise complete figure, we will tend to add it |
| Law of Similarity | Says that we will tend to group similar items together |
| Law of Proximity | Says that things that are closer together are seen as belonging together |
| Law of Symmetry | Says that symmetry of objects overwhelm our perception and makes us see pairs |
| Law of Continuity | Says that when we can see a line, as example, as continuing through another line, we will do so |
| Insight Learning | Solving a problem by means of the recognition of a gestalt or organizing principle |
| Isomorphism | Suggest that there is some clear similarity in the gestalt patterning of stimuli and of the activity in the brain while we are perceiving the stimuli |
| Depth Perception | The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional; allows us to judge distance |
| Retinal Disparity | Binocular cue for perceiving depth, the difference in the way your eyes perceive images |
| Convergence | Binocular cue to distance |
| Relative size | If we assume that two objects are similar in size, we perceive that one that casts the small retinal image as farther away |
| Interposition | If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer |
| Relative Clarity | We perceive hazy objects as farther away than sharp, clear objects |
| Texture Gradient | Gradual change from a coarse, distinct texture to a fine indistinct texture signals increasing distance |
| Relative Height | Perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away |
| Relative Motion | As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move |
| Linear Perspective | Parallel lines appear to converge with distance |
| Light and Shadow | Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes |
| Stroboscopic Movement | Brain interprets a rapid series of slightly varying images as continuous movement in film animation |
| Phi Phenomenon | Illusion of movement |
| Perceptual Constancy | Enables us to perceive an object as unchanging even though the stimuli we receive from it change |
| Shape Constancy | Perceiving the form of familiar objects as constant |
| Size Constancy | Perceiving objects as having a constant size even while distance from them varies |
| Size Distance Relationship | Given an objects’ perceived distance and the size of its image on our retina’s we instantly and unconsciously infer the objects size |
| Perceptual Adaptation | Ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field |
| Perceptual set | Mental predisposition that is given to us by our experiences, assumptions, and expectations |
| Parapsychologist | Study the paranormal |
| Telepathy | Mind to mind communication |
| Clairvoyance | Perceiving remote events |
| Precognition | Perceiving future events |
| Psychokinesis | Mind over matter |
Created by:
saxplayer2011
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