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TEST 1
CHP 1-6
| Questions | Answers |
|---|---|
| Washburn | 1st woman to receive PHD in psychology |
| Watson and Raynor | deemed psychology as the science of behavior and introduced conditional responses |
| Skinner | behaviorist who introduced how consequences shape behavior. |
| Darwin | natural behavior shapes behavior |
| Wundt | father of psychology founded first experimental lab |
| William James | father of psychology founded first experimental lab |
| Frued | published interpretation of dreams. Personality theorist |
| Piaget | studied development of children in stages |
| Psychology | is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity |
| Neuroscience | how body and brain enable emotions, memory, sensory. EX How are messages transmitted? How is body chemistry linked to moods? |
| Evolutionary | How natural selection of traits promotes continuation of genes. EX how does evolution influence behavior traits? Jack Rabbits |
| Behavior Genetics | How genes and environment influence individual differences. EX To what extent is our intelligence, personality, depression connected with genes? Twin studies |
| Psychodynamic | How behavior springs from unconscious drives. EX How actions and behaviors can be attributed to disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes or traumas of childhood? (serial killers) |
| Behavioral | How we learn observable responses. EX How we learn to fear certain objects? How do we alter behavior? |
| Cognitive | How we encode, process, store, and retrieve info. EX How do we use info in remembering, reasoning, solving problems? |
| Social-culture | How behavior and thinking vary from situations and cultures. EX How are Asians, Africans, Americans alike as humans? how do we differ in different environmental contexts? |
| Basic Research | relations among variables without any practical end in mind. EX Which type of vehicle gets the best gas/mile |
| Applied Research | practical problems especially in the work place. Psychologist: industrial/organizational help companies select and train employees. |
| CASE STUDY | longitudinal examination of a single instance or event in hopes of revealing truths for all. EX studying only a few chimps reveal capacity to learn language. Not always accurate. |
| SURVEY | self-reported attitudes through questioning representative, random sampling. EX poll Is there too much violence on TV? |
| NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION | Watching and recording behavior in natural setting. Doesn’t explain behavior, it describes it. EX watching parent/child interactions |
| LONGITUDINAL | (OBSERVATIONAL!!) same people are studied over a long period of time to find developmental trends across the life span. EX to study intelligence declination you would start at age 18 until 50 (same people) to see when intelligence began to decline. |
| CORRELATIONAL | relationship between two random variables. correlation does not imply causation. Used in effort to predict. Graphed with scatterplots direction and spacing of plots show how much correlation. EX Knowing how much SAT test scores correlate with school succe |
| EXPIREMENTAL | conducted to test a hypothesis about the role of one variable (the independent variable) on another the (dependent variable) by random assignment.EX testing the result of a drug by giving the drug to one group and the placebo to the other |
| Independent variable | (argument of the function) Manipulated variable to determine. relationship to study group or object. PRESUMED CAUSE. EX One group gets exercise, the other does not to see if lack of exercise (independent or presumed cause) makes people depressed (depende |
| Dependent variable | (PRESUMED EFFECT) experimental factor, response to independent |
| MEAN | average of distribution, obtained by adding the scores and dividing by the # of scores |
| MODE | (simplest) the most frequently occurring score in a distribution. |
| MEDIAN | (most common) middle score in a distribution. Half the scores are above it and half the scores are below it |
| RANGE | difference between highest and lowest scores. |
| STANDARD DEVIATION | computed measure of how much scores vary |
| STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE | likehood that results will happen by chance |
| Scientific method | is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on gathering observable, empirical, measurable evidence, subject to specific principles of reasoning |
| Theory | consistent model or framework for describing the behavior. originates from and/or is supported by experimental evidence. Logical testable expression or conclusion of all observations |
| Hypothesis | suggested explanation for a phenomenon |
| Skepticism | questions the reliability of certain kinds of claims through investigation. |
| Humility | able to reject own ideas if proven falseEmp |
| Empirical | empirical data is data that is produced by experiment or observation.[ |
| Structure of Nervous System | Electromagnetic communication 2 main syst Central (brain& spinal cord)&Peripheral contains autonomic(selfregulated actions/internal organs)& somatic syst(vlntry movement o muscles)Autonomic syst-sympathetic(arousing fight/flight)¶sympathetic (calming) |
| Somatic | Controls body movements under conscious control |
| Autonomic | Contols unconcious actions of organs. divided into sympathetic (responds to danger and stress) parasympathetic (resting, slowing of heart), enteric (digestion) |
| Brainstem | automatic survival skills |
| Cerebrum | High order thinking and learning, memory. Voluntary movement |
| Thalamus | sensory switchboard on top of brain directs messages |
| Medulla | simple body functions heartbeat, breathing, digestion |
| Limbic system | associated with emotion such as fear and sex drive |
| Amygdala | part of limbic system linked to emotion |
| Hypothalamus | directs eating drinking and temp helps govern endocrine system via pituitary. |
| Cerebral Cortex | thin layer of neural cells on cerebral hemispheres, control and info-processing center |
| Glial cells | glue cells provide nutrients and insulin to myelin. |
| Frontal lobes | speaking, judgment and muscle movement |
| Parietal lobes | sensory |
| Occipital lobes | visual area of cortex, receives visual info from opposite hemisphere |
| Temporal lobes | auditory portion of cortex, receives auditory info from opposite hemisphere |
| Motor cortex | part of frontal lobe controls voluntary movement |
| Sensory cortex | part of parietal lobe registers and processes senses |
| Aphasia | impairment of language |
| Cerebellum | automatic body functions walking, jumping |
| Nuerons | electrically excitable cells that transmit information (action-potential exploiting neuron membrane). Composed of body, dendrite, and axon. Receive info through body&dendrite, transmit info through axon. Communicate through synaptic transmission |
| Synapse | specialized junctions through which cells of the nervous system signal to one another |
| Action-Potential | wave of electrical discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. to transmit information from neurons to other body tissues |
| Neuorotransmitters | chemical messengers being transmitted and produced. how do they relate to human behavior - also know specific ones and their specific effects on behavior and emotions . |
| Dopamine | influences movement, attention, emotion, learning excess linked to schizo’s. |
| Acetylcholine (Ach) | voluntary movement of muscles, learning and memory- if deteriorate can cause alzheimers |
| Norepinephrine | alertness and arousal – undersupply can cause depression |
| Serotonin | memory emotions alertness sleep and temp regulations. Undersupply causes depression |
| GABA | Motor behavior- undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, insomnia |
| Glutamate | excitatory neurotransmitter- oversupply overstimulate brain giving migraines and seizures- avoid MSG |
| Endorphins | hormone produced in pituitary gland and work as natural pain killers. |
| Endocring system | chemical communication of glands that secrete hormones |
| Adrenal glands | help arouse body in times of stress, epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine |
| Brain hemispheres | Left and right surrounded by cerebral cortex linked by corpus callosum (bundles of nerve fibers that transfer info between hemispheres). |
| Right Brain | Creativity and emotion |
| Left Brain | Logic and spatial reasoning Broca’s area (language expression in left frontal lobe) |
| Wernicke’s area | language reception and comprehension in left tempral lobe |
| Corpus callosum | band of neural fibers connecting hemispheres |
| Split brain | Split brain is isolating hemispheres by cutting callosum |
| Nature | individual biological traits. Genetic and various inborn biological factors affecting overall development |
| Nurture | tabula rasa blank slate)- personal social experiences. influences on development arising from prenatal, parental, extended family and peer experiences. Emphasis on young childhood experiences |
| Evolutionary psychology | explanation of traits as adoptions through natural selection. (mate selection, etc) |
| Heritability | genetically determined traits which vary in their expression within a population (hair color, intelligence, height, anxiety-level, etc.) |
| Selection | those heritable traits that remain in, and spread through, a population because those traits increased the reproduction of the organism. We chose mates based on strong traits that will remain through time. |
| Zygote | fertilized egg with rapid cell division |
| Embryo | 2 weeks-2 months |
| Fetus | 9 weeks to birth |
| Piaget’s Theory | theory concerning growth of intelligence or ability to accurately represent the world, and perform logical operations on representations of concepts grounded in the world. we construct our cognitive abilities through self-motivated action in the world. |
| Sensorimotor stage | from birth to age 2 years (children experience the world through movement and senses and learn object permanence) reflexes, sucking, classical and operant conditioning can begin |
| Preoperational stage | from ages 2 to 7 (acquisition of motor skills) mentally acting on objects, lack of perception of conservation of mass |
| 3. Concrete operational stage | from ages 7 to 11 (children begin to think logically about concrete events) decentering, reversibility, conservation, serialization, classification, able to see others perspectives |
| 4. Formal operational stage | after age 11 (development of abstract reasoning). |
| Assimilation | Interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas |
| Accommodation | adapting one’s current understandings to incorporate new information. |
| Schema | personal concept that organizes and interprets information |
| Egocentrism | inability to see another’s point of view (pre-operational) |
| Authoritarian | impose rules and demand obedience, “why? Because I said so!!!” |
| Permissive | parents submit to child’s desires and make few demands or punishments. |
| Authoritative | demanding and responsive. Set rules and enforce them by explaining reasons and have open discussions. Allow exceptions |
| Attachment | emotional tie with another person showing distress at separation. |
| Physical effects of aging | Short term illnesses, loss of brain neurons, senile, menopause, loss of life satisfaction, loss of strength, loss of stamina, loss of sensory abilities |
| Just noticeable difference | minimum deference needed to detect two different objects. |
| Absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed to detect stimulus |
| Color constancy | color of objects remains relatively constant under varying illumination conditions. . An apple for instance looks green to us at midday, when the main illumination white sunlight, and also at sunset, when the main illumination is red. |
| Figure-ground relationship | organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings. |
| Depth perception | perception allows the beholder to accurately gauge the distance to an object (three dimensional) binocular vision |
| Binocular cues | cues that require input from both eyes Stereopsis, Accommodation, Convergence |
| Monocular cues | cues available from the input of just one eye. Motion parallax (relative motion of stationary objects) color vision, perspective, occlusion, peripheral vision |
| Color vision | interpretation of color to determine shape and arrangement in space |
| Perspective | property of parallel lines to give us distance |
| Occlusion | blocking sight of objects creating ranking of distance |
| Peripheral vision | outer extremes of vision field. |
| Perceptual set | Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. EX adult-child pair believed to look alike when told they are parent-child |
Created by:
ms.mhill
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