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Pharmacology
Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Absorption | the process whereby a drug enters the circulatory system |
| Addiction | a dependence characterized by a perceived need to take a drug to attain the effects of the drug |
| Affinity | the strength by which a particular chemical messenger binds to its receptor site on a cell |
| Agonist | drugs that bind to a particular receptor site and trigger the cell's response in a manner similiar to the action of the body's own chemical messenger |
| Allergen | substance that produces an allergic response |
| Allergic response | an instance in which the immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless substance |
| Anaphylactic reation | A severe allergic response resulting in immediate life -threatening respiratory distress |
| Angiodema | abnormal accumlation of fluid in tissue |
| antagonist | Drugs that bind to a receptor site and block the action of endogenous messenger or other drugs |
| Antigen | a specific molecule that stimulates an immune response |
| Bioavailability | the degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue |
| blood-brain barrier | a barrier that prevents many substances from entering teh cerebrospinal fluid. Barrier to many water-soluable compounds though they are permeable to lipid-soluable compounds |
| Ceiling effect | a point at which no clinical response occurs with increased dosage |
| Clearance | the rate at whcih a drug is eliminated from a specific volume of blood per unit of time |
| contraindication | a disease, condition or symptom for which a drug will not be benefitcial and may do harm |
| Dependence | a state in which a person's body has adapted physiologically and psycologically to a drug and cannot function without it. |
| Distribution | the process by which a drug moves from the blood into other body fluid and tissues and ultimately to its sites of action |
| dose | the quantity of drug administered at one time |
| duration of action | the length of time a drug gives the desired response or is at the therapeutic level |
| Elimination | removal of a drug or its metabolites from the body by excretion |
| First-Order | Depending directly on the concentration of the drug, elimination of most drugs is a first-order process in which a constant fraction of the drug is eliminated per unit of time |
| First-pass effect | the extent to which a drug is metabolized by the liver before reaching the systemic circulation |
| Elimination | removal of a drug or its metabolites from the body by excretion |
| Elimination | removal of a drug or its metabolites from the body by excretion |
| First-Order | Depending directly on the concentration of the drug, elimination of most drugs is a first-order process in which a constant fraction of the drug is eliminated per unit of time |
| First-pass effect | the extent to which a drug is metabolized by the liver before reaching the systemic circulation |
| First-pass effect | the extent to which a drug is metabolized by the liver before reaching the systemic circulation |
| Half-Life | the time necessary for the body to eliminate half of drug in the body at any time |
| Homeostasis | stability of the organism |
| Idiosyncratic reaction | an unusual or unexpected response to a response to a drug that is unrelated to the dose given |
| Indication | a disease, symptom, or condition for which a drug is known to be of benefit |
| Induction | the process whereby a drug increases the concentration of certain enzymes that affect the pharmacologic response to another drug |
| Inhibition | the process whereby a drug blocks enzyme activity and impairs the metabolism of another drug |
| Interaction | a change in the actions of a drug caused by another drug, a food, or another substance such as alcohol or nicotine |
| lipid | a fatty molecule, an important part of cell membrane |
| local effect | an action of a drug that is confined to a specific part of the body |
| loading dose | amount of a drug that will bring the blood concentration rapidly to a therapeutic level |
| maintenance dose | amount of a drug administered at regular intervals to keep the blood concentration at a therapeutic level |
| metabolism | the process by which drugs are chemically converted to other compounds |
| metablic pathway | the sequence of chemical steps that convert a drug into a metablite |
| metebolite | a substance into which a drug is chemically converted in teh body |
| peak | the top or upper likit of a drug's concentration |
| pharmacokinetics | the activity of a drug within the body over a period of time-ADME |
| prophylaxis | effect of a drug preventing infection or disease |
| pruritis | itching sensation |
| receptor | a protein molecule on teh surface of or within a cell that recognizes and binds with specific molecules, thereby producing some effect within the cell |
| side effect | a secondary response to a drug other than the primary therapeutic effect for which the drug was intended |
| solubility | a drug's ablity to dissolve in body fluids |
| specificity | the property of a receptor site that enables it to bind only wht a specifid chemical messenger;to bind with a specifi cell type; themessenger maust have a chemical structure that is complimentary to the structure of that cell's response |
| systemic effect | an action of a drug that has a genralized, all-inclusive effect on the body |
| therapeutic effect | the desired action of dru in the treatment of a particular disease or symptom |
| therapeutic level | the amount drug in a patient's blood at which beneficial effects occur |
| therapeutic range | the optimum dosage, providing the best chance for successful therapy;dosing below this range has little effect on the healing process, while overdosing can lead to toxicity and death |
| tolerance | a decrease in response to the effects of a drug as it continues to be administered |
| trough | thelowest level of a drug in the blood |
| urticaria | hives, itching sensation |
| wheals | slightly elevatd,read areas on the body surface |
| zero-order | not depending on concentration of the drug in the body for elimination from the body. A constant quantity of drug is removed per unit of time. Alcohol |
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