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PSY470Exam1
PSY470 Prelim 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Determinism | The assumption that what is being studied can be understood in terms of causal laws |
| Indeterminism | there are specific causes, Mbut they cannot be accurately known |
| Nondeterminism | Free will |
| Materialism | Mind-Body relationship totally explained in physical terms(physics / chemistry) |
| Monism | Attempt to explain everything in terms of one reality - matter |
| Idealism | Everything in so-called world consists of ideas (also monists) |
| Dualist | there are both physical and mental events |
| Interactionism | Mind and body interact, both influence each other |
| Rationalism | logical, systematic, and intelligent thought processes |
| Irrationalism | some causes of behavior are unconscious and as such cannot be pondered rationally |
| Empiricism | Source of all knowledge is sensory observation. |
| Rationalism | Mental operations or principles must be employed before knowledge can be attained. |
| Nativism | emphasizes the role of inheritance in his or her explanation of various human attributes |
| Vitalism | life can never be completely reduced to material things and mechanical laws. |
| Naive realism | The belief that what one experiences mentally is the same as what is present physically |
| Animinism | Belief that everything in nature is alive |
| Anthropomorphism | attribution of human characteristics to animals, non-living things, phenomena, material states, objects or abstract concepts, such as spirits or deities |
| Ionian Miracle time | 6th Century BC |
| Conditions that led to Ionian Miracle | Good climate, excess of food, trade |
| Factors of Ionian Miracle | Leisure Class, Active Trade, Religion |
| Thales | First Philosopher Predicted weather, cornered olive market. |
| Thales contribution | Critical Tradition |
| Student of Thales | Anaximandor |
| Where do we first see critical tradition | Between Thales and Anaximandor |
| Heraclitus | Fires is basic substance, and everything in nature is always changing |
| Parmenides | change is an illusion – there is one fixed reality |
| Pythagoras | believed that everything in the universe could be explained in terms of numbers and numerical relationships. |
| Empedocles | followed Pythagoras and Parmenides; came up with a more complex but naturalist theory of what the universe is made of – four elements |
| Democritus | proposed that all things in the universe are composed of atoms – tiny unites that can be combined and separated but each one cannot be divided; first completely naturalistic view of the universe; there is no soul, no Gods, only atoms and space (the void) |
| Temple medicine | medicine based on religion; form of faith healing; power of suggestion was very important, placebo |
| Alcmaeon and Hippocrates | two major figures early Greek beliefs supernatural thought, human life determined by the Gods. |
| Alcmaeon | first person to practice naturalistic medicine; followed Pythagorians, cures for illnesses; one of the first people to take an empirical approach to anatomy and physiology |
| Hippocrates | established a medical school with an empirialistic, natural approach, Earth |
| Sophists | Truth is relative / Anything is true if someone can be convinced of it. |
| Socrates | Knowable TRUTH – Essences – Inductive Definition(bottom up) |
| Plato | student of Socrates, combined pythogorean with essences |
| Theory of Forms(Plato) | knowledge of empirical world was not true knowledge – appearances and reality, 2 world idea, inferior copies. Distinction between appearance and reality. |
| Reminiscence Theory | Learning is remembering what you already know. |
| Plato 3 components of soul | Rational, Courageous, Appetitive. |
| Plato on mind | Mind / Body dualism, rationalistic approach, mind is superior. |
| Aristotle who? | Student of Plato, took more empirical / biological approach |
| Aristotle, knowledge = | Rational thought and empirical data |
| Aristotle knowledge comes from? | studying nature directly / sensory input/ reason. |
| Aristotle 4 causes | Material Cause, Efficient Cause, Formal Cause, and Final Cause |
| Aristotle Heirarchy of Souls | Vegetative, Snsitive, Rational. |
| Aristotle theory of cognitive function – 4 levels of knowing | Sensory information, Common Sense, Passive Reason, Active Reason |
| Aristotle laws of association | Law of contiguity, Law of frequency, Law of similarity, Law of Contrast. – Basis of learning for last 2000 years. |
| Aristotle motivation | Motivated by higher (rational powers) and lower motives (bodily appetites) |
| Skepticism | No ultimate truth |
| Cynicism | Back to nature (simple life) |
| Epicureanism | Simple life but not extreme like cynics |
| Stoicism | Everything in life happens for a reason |
| St. Augustine | Ultimate knowledge is knowing god. (elevated faith above reason). Free Will. Internal Sense, Last philosopher for 800 years. |
| Crusades | National identities emerged - opened up trade - brought back greek knowledge |
| Abelard | Okay to question church, re-emergence of critical tradition of learning |
| Thomas Aquinas | Reconciled faith and reason. |
| Renaissance four themes | Individualism, Intense Interest in past, Antiaristotelianism (rejected theological interpretation of Aristotle, Personal religion. |
| Galileo | Primary / secondary qualities |
| Francis Bacon 4 sources of error | Idols of the Cave → personal biases of the scientist, Idols of the Tribe → biases due to human nature, Idols of the Marketplace → biases due to the use of language, Idols of the Theater → biases due to blind obedience of authority. |
| Rene Descartes | I think therefore I am, Mathematical reasoning to discover truth, doubt everything that is not clear and distinct. |
| Rene Descartes on god | I perceive there is a physical world, a perfect god would not deceive us about reality, so must trust our perceptions. |
| Rene Descartes | separate mind / body |
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spicywafflefries
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