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Psych Exam 1
vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| False Consensus Effect | the tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people share our beliefs, values, thoughts, etc. |
| Self Serving Bias | readiness to percieve ourselves in a favorable light; make excuses for our behavior |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | overestimating the influence of personality and underestimating the influence of the situation. |
| Belief Perserverance | tendency to stick to our initial beliefs |
| Confirmation Bias | we look for info that supports our ideas while ignoring evidence to the contrary |
| Somatic Nervous System | enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles |
| Case Study | examines one individual in depth in hopes of revealing things of us all |
| Operational Definition | a statement of the procedures used to define research variable |
| Critical Thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusion |
| Hindsight Bias | the tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that one would have foreseen it. |
| Overconfidence | contaminates everyday judgements we think we know more than we do |
| Falsifiability | a claim must be capable of being disporven. Needs to be testable |
| Occam's Razor | If 2 hypthesis explain a phenomina equally well, we should select the simpler hypothesis |
| Replicability | a finding must be capable of being duplicated consistently by independent researchers following the same method |
| Illusory Correlation | the perception of a relationship where no relationship exists |
| Clinical Study | form of case study in which a therapist investigates problems with clients |
| Confounding Variable | a variable that differs between the control and experimental condition that could impact the variable |
| Autonomic Nervous System | controls our glands and the muscles of our internal organs |
| Experimenter Bias Effect | when the experimentor hints or cues the answer looked for |
| Confederate | person who appears to be a participant or not involved with the study but actually is an experimentor or playing a role |
| Random Sample | each member of a population has an equal chance of inclusion into a sample |
| Random Assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by random assignment minimizes pre-existing differences between the 2 groups |
| Neurons | nerve cell; basic building block of nervous system |
| Motor Neurons | carry outgoing info from brain and spinal cord to the glands and muscles |
| Sensory Neurons | carry incoming info from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord |
| Interneurons | within the brain and spinal cord that communicates internally and intervine between the sensory imputs and motor outputs |
| Dendrite | busy, branching extensions of a neuron that RECIEVE messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body |
| Cell Body | life support center of neuron; damage can result in death of the neuron |
| Axon | the extensions of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to the muscles or glands |
| Myelin Sheath | fatty tissue that works like insulation and speeds up a neuron impulse |
| Action Potencial | breif electrical charge that travels down it's axon; impulse |
| Depolarization | when excess of positive ions enter axon |
| Hyperpolarized | when excess of negative ions enter axon |
| Order in Radom Events | Given random events, we look for order and meaningful patterns |
| Double-Blind Procedure | patients and experimenter's assistants should remain unaware of which participants had the real treatment and which patients had the placebo. |
| Placebo Effect | Ineffective medication that can have a positive effect on a patient that thinks they are receiving the treatment |
| Hypothesis | specific prediction derived from a theory |
| Theory | general expectations integrated set of principles that organizes behaviors or events |
| Random Sampling | each member of a population has an equal chance of inclusion into a sample |
| Popular Psych | most of what we "think" we know about psychology has come from |
| Pseudoscience | set of claims that seem scientific but are not. |
| Independent Variable | variable that is manipulated in an experiment |
| Dependent Variable | the outcome factor; effected by the independent variable |
| Rosenthal Effect | tendency for results to conform to the experimenters' expectations |
| Wording Effects | the way a question or statement is said that can influence the answer or response of a another person |
| Threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
| Synapse | junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron |
| Resting Potencial | the positive outside/negative inside state in the axon |
| Reputake | a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron when there is an excess |
| Neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons |
| Dopamine | movement, learning, attention, emotions; too much -> schizophrenia, not enough -> parkinsons |
| Serotonin | mood, hunger, sleep, arousal; too little -> depression; anti-depressants do not allow for reputake |
| Endorphines | acts similar to neurotransmitters |
| Acetylocholine (ACh) | the messenger at every junction between a motor neuron and skeletal muscles |
| Sodium-Potassium Pumps | pumps pos out and neg in the axon |
| Nervous System | body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system |
| Central Nervous System | brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | the sensory and motor neurons that connect Central Nervous System to the rest of the body |
| Reflexes | simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as a knee-jerk response |
| Phrenology | the very first study of the brain, Franz Gall, comparable to animals |
| Neural Networks | receives info, interpruts, synthesizes and decides responses; change and learn with experiences |
| Brain Plasticity | ability of the brain to adapt and modify itself to environmental influences |
| Endocrine System | releases hormones through glands that are important for regulation of emotion |
| Pituitary Gland | most influential gland in Endocrine System; influences growth, blood pressure, milk flow to breasts |
| Adrenal Gland | emergency center; manufactures cortisol and adrenaline, regulation of body weight |
| Brainstem | oldest region of the brain; automatic survival functions |
| Thalamus | on top of brainstem; brain's sensory switchboard- receives info from all sense but smell and sends them to higher brain |
| Cerebellum | rear of brainstem; voluntary movement and balance nonverbal learning, memory, judgement of time, modulate our emotions, distinguish between different sounds and textures |
| Limbic System | memory and emotion |
| Hypothalamus | regulating and maintaining body systems; hunger, thirst, sex, body temp |
| Hippocampus | memory; spatial memory; damage= inability to form new memories |
| Amygdala | fear and aggression; excitement and arousal; detects assoc. between rewards and threats, facial stimuli |
| Frontal Lobe | assoc. areas, Bronca's area complex emotion, language, reasoning, decision making, problem solving, impulse control, judgements, abstract thinking |
| Occipital Lobe | visual cortex |
| Temporal Lobes | auditory area, Wernicke's Area- understanding speech, autobiographical memory |
| Parietal Lobes | sensory inout from touch and body position, spatial perception, subject shape and orientation, integrating visual and touch input |
| Motor Cortex | the area at the rear of frontal lobes that control voluntary movements |
| Sensory Cortex | receives info from skin surface and sense organs |
| Epinephrine | neurotransmitter; increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, participates in flight-or-fight response |
| Cerebral Cortex | outermost to the cerebrum; memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness |
| Association Areas | responsible for thought, memory, and learning. |
| Corpus Callosum | area connects the two sides of the brain. Responsible for allowing two hemispheres to communicate with one another and share info. |
| Refractory Period | period in which the neuron cannot fire- becomes hyperpolarized |
| Experience-Expectant Brain Development | all the common experiences that must happen for normal brain maturation |
| Experience- Dependent Brain Development | experiences that might happen but they are not expected by the brain |
| Head Sparing | brain is last part of body to be damaged by malnutrition |
| Self-Righting | inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit |
| Over Stimulation | sleep, tantrums/crying, turning away from stimulation |
| Social Referencing | looking to mother for reaction to strangers |
| Separation Anxiety | clings to mom at all costs and seeks constant contact and avoid separation |
| Attatchment Bond | a survival impulse that keeps infants close to their care givers |
| Trust vs. Mistrust | Erik Erikson; based on caregiving, child see the world as reliable, safe, and predictable (secure att) or child sees the world as unreliable, unsafe and unpredictable (insecure att) |
| Internal Working Model | John Bowlby; a cognitive representation of the self and other people that is used to interpret events and to form expectations about relationships |
| Authoritive Parenting | warm but firm; place limits and controls on child; warm, nurturing; verbal give-and-take, allows child to express feelings and opinions; guides for child; balance between autonomy and control; child is receptive to parenting |
| Authoritarian Parenting | obediance and conformity; restrictive, punitive parenting; clear and usually high expectations; child should learn respect for authority, respect hardwork and effort; little verbal give-and-take; structure |
| naive realism | assume seeing is believing and trust our initiative perceptions of the world and ourselves |
Created by:
pderou01
Popular Psychology sets