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IntroPsych110 Malloy
Chapters 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Positive Psychology | The focus on what goes right, on things that make life most worth living |
| Biological Psychology | Use of high tech scanning devices and other methods to study how biological processes in the brain affect and are affected by behavior and mental processes |
| Engineering Psychology | Study of making technology (remotes, websites, cell phones, computer keyboards, etc.) easier to use and less likely to cause errors |
| Cognitive Psychology | Study of mental abilities such as sensation and perception, learning and memory, thinking, consciousness, intelligence, and creativity |
| Developmental Psychology | Changes in behavior and mental processes that occur from birth through old age and the causes and effects of those changes are studied |
| Personality Psychology | study of individuality |
| Clinical and Counseling Psychology | Conducting research on the causes and treatment of mental disorders and offer services to help troubled people overcome those disorders |
| Community Psychology | ensures that psychological services reach the homeless and others who need help but tend not to seek it |
| Health Psychology | Study of the relationship between risky behaviors such as smoking or lack of exercise and the likelihood of suffering heart disease, stroke, cancer, or other health problems |
| Educational Psychology | Conducting research and developing theories about teaching and learning |
| School Psychology | IQ testing, diagnosing learning disabilities and other academic problems, early detection of mental health problems and crisis intervention following school violence |
| Social Psychology | Study of the ways people think about themselves and others and how people influence one another |
| Neuroscience | To examine the structure and function of the nervous system in animals and humans at levels ranging from the individual cell to overt behavior |
| Consciousness | The mental experiences created by sensory-perceptual systems |
| Wundt and Consciousness | Developed first formal psychology research lab at the University of Leipzig in Germany. His focus was consciousness |
| Titchener | Student of Wundt’s who used introspection in his lab (looking inward). Tried to define structure of consciousness |
| Psychodynamic Approach | Assumes that our behavior and mental processes reflect constant and mostly unconscious psychological struggles within us |
| Behavioral Approach | Focuses on observable behavior and how that behavior is learned |
| Cognitive Approach | Focuses on how we take in, mentally represent, and store info, how we perceive and process that info, and how these cognitive processes affect our behavior |
| Humanistic Approach | Seeing behavior as determined primarily by each person’s capacity to choose how to think and act |
| Cultural and Social Influences on Behavior | The accumulation of values, rules of behavior, forms of expression, religious beliefs, occupational choices, and the like for a group of people who share a common language and environment |
| Critical Thinking | Process of assessing claims and making judgements on the basis of well supported evidence |
| Hypothesis | In scientific research, a specific, testable proposition about a phenomenon |
| Operational Definition | A statement that defines the exact operations or methods used in research |
| Theory | An integrated set of propositions that can be used to account for, predict, and even suggest ways of controlling certain phenomena |
| Data (Datum) | Numbers that represent research findings and provide the basis for research conclusions |
| Mind | Functioning Brain |
| Observational Methods | Prcedures for systematically watching behavior in order to summarize it for scientific analysis |
| Naturalistic Observation | The process of watching without interfering as a phenomenon occurs I the natural environment |
| Case Study | A research method involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a particular individual, group, or situation |
| Survey | A research method that involves giving people questionnaires or special interviews designed to obtain descriptions of their attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and intentions |
| Correlational Study | A research method that examines relationships between variables in order to analyze trends in data, test predictions, evaluate theories and suggest new hypotheses |
| Experiment | A situation in which the researcher manipulates one variable and then observes the effect of that manipulation on another value, while holding all other variables constant |
| Experimental Group | The group that receives the experimental treatment |
| Control Group | The group that receives no treatment or provides some other baseline against which to compare the performance or response of the experimental group |
| Independent Variable | Variable manipulated |
| Dependent Variable | Factor affected by the independent variable |
| Confound | Any factor that affects the dependent variable along with or instead of the independent variable |
| Mean | Measure of central tendency that is the arithmetic average of the scores in a set of data |
| Correlation Coefficient | A statistic, r, that summarizes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables |
| Neurons | Fundamental units of the nervous system; nerve cells |
| Glial Cells | Cells in the nervous system that hold neurons together and help them communicate with one another |
| Axons | Fibers that carry signals from the body of a neuron out to where communication occurs with other neurons |
| Dendrites | Neuron fibers that receive signals from the axons of other neurons and carry those signals to the cell body |
| Synapses | The tiny gaps between neurons across which they communicate |
| Action Potential | An abrupt wave of electrochemical changes traveling down an axon when a neuron becomes depolarized |
| Neural Network | Neurons that operate together to perform complex functions |
| Central Nervous System | The parts of the nervous system not housed in bone |
| Psychology | Science of behavior and mental processed |
| Structuralism and Titchener | Developed by Titchener as a way to describe consciousness by adding clearness as an element of sensation |
| Origin of Scientific Psychology | 1879, Wilhelm Wundt, University of Leipzig in Germany |
| Freud and Psychoanalyisis | Vienna, Austria; Believed that all behavior is motivated by psychological processes at an unconscious level (psychoanalyis) |
| James and Functionalism | Developed functionalism, which focused on the role of consciousness in guiding people’s ability to make decisions, solve problems, and the like (North America) |
| Watson and Behaviorism | The most important determinant of behavior is learning and that it is through learning that animals and humans are able to adapt to their environment |
| Skinner and Behaviorism | Mapped out details of how rewards and punishments shape, maintain, and change behavior |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals that assist in the transfer of signals form one neuron to another |
| Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential | A postsynaptic potential that depolarizes the neuronal membrane, making the cell more likely to fire an action potential |
| Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential | A post synaptic potential that hyperpolarizes the neuronal membrane, making a cell less likely to fire and action potential |
| Somatic | The subsystem of the peripheral nervous system that transmits information from the sense to the central nervous system and carried signals from the central nervous system to the muscles |
| Autonomic | A subsystem of the peripheral nervous system that carries messages between the central nervous system and the heart, lungs, and other organs and glands |
| Reflexes | Involuntary, unlearned reactions in the form of swift, automatic and finely coordinated movements in response to external stimuli |
| Parasympathetic | The subsystem of the autonomic nervous system that typically influences activity related to the protection, nourishment, and growth of the body |
| Sympathetic | Subsystem of the autonomic nervous system that readies the body for vigorous activity |
| Peripheral Nervous System | The parts of the nervous system not housed in bone |
| EEG | Electroencephalograph, measures general electrical activity of the brain (electrodes) |
| PET | locates cell activity by recording where substances such as glucose or other cellular fuels become concentrated after being made radioactive and injected into the bloodstream |
| MRI | Exposes the brain to a magnetic fiels and measures the resulting radio frequency waves to get a clear picture of the brain’s anatomical details |
| fMRI | Combines advantages of PET and MRI and is capable of detecting changes in blood flow that reflect ongoing changes in the activity of neurons |
| TMS | Transcranial magnetic stimulation, uses strong magnetic fields to temporarily stimulate or disrupt the activity of neurons in a particular region of the brain |
| Cerebellum | The part of the hindbrain whose main functions include controlling finelt coordinated movements and storing memories abort movement but which may also be involved in impulse control, emotion, and language |
| Thalamus | A forebrain structure that relays signals from most sense organs to higher levels in the brain and plays an important role in processing and making sense out of this info |
| Hypothalamus | A structure in the forebrain that regulates hunger, thirst, and sex drive |
| Amygdala | A structure in the forebrain that, among other things associates features of stimuli from two sensory modalities |
| Hippocampus | A structure in the forebrain associated with the formation of new memories |
| Limbic System | A set of brain structures that play important roles in regulating emotion and memory |
| Motor Cortex | The part of the cerebral cortex whose neurons control voluntary movements in specific parts of the body |
| Sensory Cortex | The parts of the cerebral cortex that receive stimulus info from the senses |
| Association Cortex | The parts of the cerebral cortex that receive info from more than one sense or that combine sensory and motor info to perform complex tasks |
| Hindbrain | An extension of the spinal cord contained inside the skull where nuclei control blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and other vital functions |
| Midbrain | A small structure between the hindbrain and forebrain that relays info from the eyes, ears, and skin and that controls certain types of automatic behaviors |
| Forebrain | The most highly developed part of the brain; it is responsible for the most complex aspects of behavior and mental life |
| Lateralization | The tendency for one cerebral hemisphere to excel at a particular function or skill compared with the other hemisphere |
| Endorphins | Class of neurotransmitters that bind to opiate receptors and moderate pain |
| Fight or Flight | A physical reaction triggered by the sympathetic nervous system that prepares the body to fight or to run from a threatening situation |
| Empiricism | Study of knowledge |
| Corps Collosum | Hemisphere is connected by a large bundle of neurons |
| Basic Research | Studying basic behavioral phenomenon (social psych, cognitive psych, etc.) |
| Applied Research | Done for the good of others |
| Behavior Genetics | The field of study that examines the role of genetics in human behavior (nature vs. nurture) |
| Inductive | Takes events and makes generalizations |
| Deductive | Arrives at conclusions based on generalizations |
| Evolutionary Theory | How human behavior has evolved in order to promote adaptation and reproduction |
| Replication | Same results even if reproduced by different labs/people |
| Reliability of Measurement | Data from measurements of a single object should be similar unless something caused a change |
| Naturalistic Observation | Making observations without getting involved |
| Correlation and Causality | Correlation between two variables doesn't mean that one causes the other |
| Myelin Sheath | Essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system and it surrounds the axon of a neuron |
| Curare and Botox | Paralyzes muscles, related to Ach. South Americans use this to paralyze animals |
| Left Hemisphere | Controls right side of the brain |
| Plasticity | Brain tissue reorganizes function in response to damage. Ability to create new synapses |
| Right Hemisphere | Controls left side of brain |
| Otto Loewi's Famous Experiment | Discovered that nerve impulses were chemical not electrical |
| Criteria for determining if a chemical compound is a neurotransmitter | 1. Chemical must be produced within a neuron 2. Chemical must be found within a neuron 3. When a neuron is stimulated a neuron must release the chemical |
| Criteria for determining if a chemical compound is a neurotransmitter (continued) | 4. When a chemical is released it must cause a biological effect 5. After a chem is released it must be inactivated 6. If the chemical is applied on the postsynaptic membrane it should have the same effect as when it is released by a neuron |
| Opiate Receptors | Type of protein found in the brain |
| Reticular Formation | Part of the brain involved in stereotypical actions such as sleeping,walking and laying down |
| Personality and the ARAS | Lots of stimulation= Introvert Lack of timulation= Extrovert |
| Frontal Lobe | Motor control, personality, planning and decision making |
| Occipital Lobe | Visual reception |
| Parietal Lobe | High level processing of sensory info |
| Temporal Lobe | Both located on each side of the brain. Respoonsible for auditory processing, speech hearing |
| Pleasure Centers | Brains produce pleasure or reward when engaging in behavior necessary for survival |
| Cortex | Outermostlayer of the brain |
| Franz Gall and Phrenology | Understanding the effect of the brain on behavior |
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