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Psych ch. 2 UMW
chapter 2 question answers
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Theory | gathers a lot of data and makes a statement on how the world works |
| Hypothesis | what you think is going to happen when you test a theory |
| Falsifiable theory | can be proven wrong, |
| Confirmation bias | people really want to prove their theories |
| Case study | get a lot of info about one case, Freud famously used these, used when weird, horrible things happen |
| Advantages to case study | rich in info, only way to study weird problems |
| Disadvantages to case study | generalizability, can’t prove theories this way, can falsify |
| Observation | watching what’s going on |
| Naturalistic observation | observing people in natural habitat, less reactivity, no control, more ecological validity |
| Laboratory observation | bring people into lab, more control, more reactivity, less ecological validity |
| Ecological validity | when things are more like actual env’t |
| Reliability | consistency |
| test-retest reliability | giving a test multiple times |
| Inter-rater reliability | a different person grades and scores tests |
| Alternate forms reliability | giving different versions of the test |
| Validity | is it really measuring what we want it to |
| Content validity | is it measuring the correct thing |
| Criterion validity | there is outside criteria that the test predicts |
| Advantages to surveys | covers large population, easy, cheap |
| Disadvantages to surveys | people lie on survey, volunteer bias |
| Representative sample | it has many different types of people |
| Correlation | statistic that tells about a relationship between variables |
| Positive correlation | as one variable increases the other variable increases |
| Negative correlation | as one variable increases the other variable decreases |
| Strong correlation | how close together the numbers are |
| Always remember | Correlations do not imply causation |
| Experiment | manipulates variables, can find causation |
| Independent variable | variable being manipulated |
| Dependent variable | variable measured |
| Random assignment | random grouping |
| Confound | another variable that gets in way of experiment variable with another explanation |
| Quasi-experiment | experiment without random assignment, ex. Race, gender |
| Placebo effect | someone tells you that you will have an effect, so you have that effect |
| Single blind | patient doesn’t know what they’re getting |
| Double blind | patients and experimenters don’t know what they’re getting |
| Control condition | participants not exposed to same treatment as in experimental condition |
| Experimenter effects | unintended changes in study participants behavior due to cues inadvertently given by experimenter |
| Concerns with cross-cultural research | language translation, stereotypes |
| Problem with average | the exact numbers could be really close together or really far apart |
| Standard deviation | ho clustered or spread out individual scores are around mean |
| Statistically significant | high probability that the difference between control and experiment is real |
| Cross-sectional study | study where people of different ages are compared at a given time |
| Longitudinal study | same group of people at different times |
| Informed consent | participants enter a study voluntarily |
| Reactivity | when individuals alter behavior due to awareness of being observed |
Created by:
lfalkens
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