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Conducting Terms
Musical Terms for Basic Conducting
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Accelerando | gradually increasing tempo |
| Acciaccatura | "crushing," a short appoggiatura or grace note sounded simultaneously with the following note |
| Accompagnato | accompanied, with the accompaniment following the soloist, who may speed up or slow down at will |
| Adagio | at ease; a slow tempo, slower than andante, but not so slow as largo (66-76) |
| Ad libitum | at liberty; the speed and manner of execution are left to the performer |
| A due | for two voices or instruments; two instruments are to play in unison, after divisi or a solo passage for one of the instruments |
| Agitiato | agitated; restless; hurried. |
| Alla breve | two half-note beats to a bar (implies 2/2) |
| Allargando | broadening; becomes slower |
| Allegretto | light; cheerful; like allegro, but a little less fast. |
| Allegro | quick; lively; rapid. (126-168) |
| Amabile | graceful |
| Andante | at a walking pace; at a moderate tempo (76-104) |
| Animato | animated, lively. |
| Appoggiatura | a grace note that "leans" on the following note, taking up some of its value in the measure. |
| Arco | played with the bow; as opposed to pizzicato (plucked), in music for bowed instruments- normally used to cancel a pizzicato direction. |
| Arioso | in the manner of the aria; a short piece like an aria. |
| Assai | very |
| A tempo | in time; indication that the performer should return to the main tempo of the piece. |
| Attacca | attack; direction to begin (attack) the next movement immediately, without gap or pause |
| Basso continuo | continuous bass; a bass part played continuously throughout a piece to give harmonic structure, used especially in the Baroque period. |
| Cantabile | in a singing style |
| Cesura (caesure) | break, stop; a complete break in sound (sometimes called "railroad tracks") |
| Coda | a closing section appended to a movement. |
| Codetta | a small coda. |
| Colla parte | with the soloist. |
| Colla voce | with the voice. |
| Col legno | with the wood of the bow |
| Con | with; used in many musical directions. |
| Con moto | with motion. |
| Con sordino | with a mute. |
| Dolce | sweetly. |
| Double stop | the act of playing two note simultaneously on a melodic percussion instrument or stringed instrument. |
| Dur (German) | major; used in key signatures, A-Dur = A Major. |
| Espressivo | expressively. |
| Fine | the end. |
| Fortepiano (fp) | strong/gentle; loud then immediately soft. |
| Furioso | furiously. |
| Grave | slowly and seriously. |
| Grazioso | gracefully. |
| Hemiola | the imposition of a pattern of rhythm or articulation other than that implied by the time signature; in triple time (3/4) the imposition of a duple pattern. |
| Langsam (German) | slowly. |
| Larghetto | somewhat slowly; not as slow as largo (60-66). |
| Largo | broadly; slowly (40-60). |
| Leggiero | lightly, delicately. |
| Lento | slowly. |
| Liberamente | freely. |
| L'istesso tempo | the same tempo. |
| Ma non troppo | but not too much. |
| Maestoso | majestically, in a stately fashion. |
| Massig (German) | moderately. |
| Mezzo voce | half voice. |
| Moll (German) | minor; used in key signatures; a-moll = a minor. |
| Molto | very. |
| Mosso | moving. |
| Moto | motion; usually seen as con moto (with motion). |
| Ostinato | repeated rhythmical pattern. |
| Partitur (German) | ful orchestral score. |
| Passionato | passionately. |
| Pastorale | in a pastoral style, peaceful and simple. |
| Pausa | rest. |
| Pesante | heavy, ponderous. |
| Piu | more. |
| Pizzicato | plucked. |
| Poco | a little. |
| Poco a poco | little by little. |
| Poi | then; diminuendo poi subito fortissimo (softer then suddenly very loud). |
| Portamento | generally sliding in pitch from one note to another (especially in singing; more often called glissando in instrumental music). |
| Prestissimo | extremely quick; as fast as possible. |
| Presto | very quickly. |
| Quasi | as if. |
| Rallentando | progressively slower. |
| Rapido | fast. |
| Ritardando | slowing down. |
| Rubato | flexible in tempo, applied to notes within a musical phrase for expressive effect. |
| Schnell (German) | fast. |
| Secco | dry; as in secco recitative (dry recitative). |
| Sehr (German) | very |
| Semplice | simply. |
| Sempre | always. |
| Senza | without. |
| Senza misura | without measure. |
| Senza sordino | without the mute. |
| Sforzando (sfz) | made loud; sudden strong accent. |
| Silenzio | silence. |
| Simile | similarly; continue applying the preceding directive to the following passage. |
| Sotto voce | under voice; subdued. |
| Spiccato | distinct, separated; a way of playing a stringed instrument by bouncing the bow on the string. |
| Stretto | a passage in a fugue in which the contrapuntal texture is more dense, due to the close overlapping entries of the subject in various voices. |
| Stringendo | with a pressing forward or acceleration of the tempo. |
| Subito | suddenly, |
| Sul ponticello | on the bridge; an indication to bow very near to the bridge. |
| Sul tasto | on the fingerboard; an indication to bow over the fingerboard. |
| Tacet | silent; do not play. |
| Tempo giusto | in strict time. |
| Tempo primo/Tempo I | resume original tempo. |
| Tenuto | held; sustained for full value. |
| Tranquillo | calmly, peacefully. |
| Troppo | too much; usually seen as allegro non troppo (fast but not too fast). |
| Tutti | all together, usually after a period of a solo section. |
| Una corda | one string; in piano music it means to hold down the soft pedal. |
| Un poco | a little. |
| Vivace | very lively. |
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