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PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 6 - Consciousness
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| consciousness | awareness of one's own mental activity, including thoughts, feelings, and sensations |
| attention | the process by which the individual focuses awareness on certain contents of consiousness while ignoring others |
| perception without awareness | the unconcious perception of stimuli that normally exceed the absolute threshold but fall outside our focus of attention |
| subliminal psychodynamic activation | the use of subliminal messages to stimulate unconscious fantasies |
| biological rhythms | repeating cycles of physiological changes |
| circadian rhythms | twenty-four-hour cycles of physiological changes, most notably the sleep-wake cycle |
| pineal gland | an endocrine gland that secretes a hormone that has a general tranquilizing effect on the body and that helps regulate biological rhythms |
| phase advance | shortening the sleep-wake cycle, as occurs when traveling from west to east |
| phase delay | lengthening the sleep-wake cycle, as occurs when traveling from east to west |
| REM sleep | the stage of sleep associated with rapid eye movements, an active brainwave pattern, and vivid dreams |
| NREM sleep | the stages of sleep not associated with rapid eye movements and marked by relatively little dreaming |
| insomnia | chronic difficulty in either falling asleep or staying asleep |
| sleep apnea | a condition in which a person awakens repeatedly in order to breathe |
| narcolepsy | a condition in which an awake person suffers from repeated, sudden, and irresistible REM sleep attacks |
| dream | a storylike sequence of visual images, usually occuring during REM sleep |
| nightmare | a frightening dream occurring during REM sleep |
| night terror | a frightening NREM experience, common in childhood, in which the individual may suddenly sit up, let out a bloodcurdling scream, speak incoherently, and quickly fall back to sleep, yet usually fails to recall it on awakening |
| lucid dreaming | the ability to be aware that one is dreaming and to direct one's dreams |
| manifest content | sigmund freud's term for the verbally reported dream |
| latent content | sigmund freud's term for the true, though disguised, meaning of a dream |
| activation-synthesis theory | the theory that dreams are the by-products of the cortex's attempt to make sense of the spontaneous changes in physicological activity generated by the brain stem during REM sleep |
| hypnosis | an induced state of consciousness in which one person responds to suggestions by another person for alterations in perception, thinking and behavior |
| hypermnesia | the hypnotic enhancement of recall |
| posthypnotic suggestions | suggestions directing people to carry out particular behaviors or to have particular experiences after leaving hypnosis |
| dissociation | a state in which the mind is split into two or more independent streams of consciousness |
| neodissociation theory | the theory that hypnosis induces a dissociated state of consciousness |
| hidden observer | ernest hilgard's term for the part of the hypnotized person's consciousness that is not under the control of the hypnotist but is aware of what is taking place |
| age regression | a hypnotic state in which the individual apparently behaves as she or he did as a child |
| psychoactive drugs | chemicals that induce changes in mood, thinking, perception, and behavior by affecting neuronal activity in the brain |
| depressants | psychoactive drugs that inhibit activity in the central nervous system |
| ethyl alcohol (ethanol) | a depressant found in beverages and commonly used to reduce social inhibitions |
| barbiturates | depressants used to induce sleep or anesthesia |
| opiates | depressants, derived from opium, used to relieve pain or to induce a euphoric state of consciousness |
| stimulants | psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity |
| caffeine | a stimulate used to increase mental alertness |
| nicotine | a stimulant used to regulate physical and mental arousal |
| amphetamines | stimulants used to maintain alertness and wakefulness |
| cocaine | a stimulant used to induce mental alertness and euphoria |
| hallucinogens | psychoactive drugs that induce extreme alterations in consciousness, including visual hallucinations, a sense of timelessness, and feelings of depersonalization |
| LSD | a hallucinogen derived froma fungus that grows on rye grain |
| synesthesia | the process in which an individual experiences sensations in one sensory modality that are characteristics of another |
| cannabis sativa | a hallucinogen derived from the hemp plant and ingested in the form of marijuana or hashish |
| entactogens | a new category of psychoactive drugs that have unique effects intermediate to those associated with hallucinogens and stimulants |
Created by:
Jessica C
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