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Pharmacology Exam 1
Focus on Nursing Pharmacology- Chapter One
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adverse Effects | drug effects that are not the desireed therapeutic effects, may be unpleasant or even dangerous |
| Brand Name | Name of drug given by pharmaceutical company |
| chemical name | name of drug that rerlects the chemical structure of the drug |
| Drugs | Chemicals that are introduces into the body to bring about a certain outcome |
| Generic name | The original designation that a drug is given when the drug company that developed it applies for the approval process |
| Generic Drugs | drugs that are sold by the chemical name not the brand/trade name |
| Orphan drugs | drugs that have been developed but would not be profitable to the drug company |
| Over the Counter | drugs that can be purchsed without a prescription for self treatment |
| Pharmacology | the study of the bilogoical effects of chemicals |
| Phase II Study | Clinical study of a proposed drug by selected doctors using actual patients who have the ailment that the drug is designed to treat |
| Phase III Study | Use of a proposed drug on a wide scale in a clinical setting for patients who have the disease the drug is thought to treat |
| Phase IV | Continous evaluation of the drug after it has gone to the market |
| Teratogenic | A drug having adverse affects on the fetus |
| Preclinincal trials | initail drug trial on laboratory animals |
| Pharmacotherapeutics addresses the following | Drug's effect on the body and the body's response to the drugs |
| Nurse responsibiities towards drug therapy | Administer the drugs, Assess the drug effects, Intervene to make drug regimen more tolerable, teach patient about drug regimen, monitor overall patient care to prevent errors |
| Sources of drugs | Natural and Synthetic |
| Natural drug sources | Animal, Plant, Inorganic Sources |
| Example of drug made with synthetic plant souces | Dronabinol ( marinol)- contains active ingredient delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol foundi n marijuana |
| Genetic Engineering | Process of altering DNA |
| Types of Inorganic Sources of Drugs | Iron, Gold, Aluminimum, Fluoride |
| Ricinus Communis | A drug derived from plant- Castor Oil |
| Category A Drugs | Adequate studies in prenant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the 1st trimester of the pregnancy and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters |
| Category B Drugs | Animal studies have not shown a risk to the fetus, or have shown adverse effects but there have been not adequate in women. |
| Category C drugs | Animal Study have shown an adverse effect but no adequate studies in Humans |
| Category D Drugs | There is no evidence of human fetal risk,but the potential benefits from the use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite teh potential risks |
| Category X Drugs | Studies in Human and animal have shown fetal abnormalities and adverse reation, the risk cleary outweighs any benefit |
| Thalidomide | the sleeping aid used in the 1960 that cause tetratogenic effects on fetus, resulting in babies with limb deformities |
| Kefauver Harris Act of 1962 | Gave FDA regulatory control over the testing and evaluating of drug and set the standards for safety and efficacy. Happen as an outcry of thalidomide adverse effects on babies |
| FDA ( Food and Drug Administration) | Federal Agency responsible for development and sale of drugs. |
| DEA( Drug Enforcement Agency) | Enforces the conrtrol of FDA |
| Controlled Substance | drugs with abuse potential |
| Schedule I DRUGS | A drug with high abuse potential and no accepted medical use ( example heorin, LSD, marijuana) |
| Schedule II DRUGS | drug with high abuse potential with severe dependence liability examples barbiturates sedatives, amphetamines, narcotics |
| Schedule III DRUGS | drug with less abuse potential with severe dependence and moderate liability examples nonbarbiturates sedatives, nonamphetamines, limited amounts of narcotics |
| Schedule iv DRUGS | Drugs with les abuse potential and limited dependence liability examplea antianxiety meds, non-narcotic analgesics, some sedative |
| Schedule V drugs | Drugs with limited abuse potential . Example Codeine used as antitussives or antidiarrheals. Can be purchsed in small amounts OTC |
| Clinical Pharmacology is the study of | the biological effects of chemicals |
| FDA pregnancy categories | indicate a drug's potential or actual teratogenic effects |
| The duties of DEA are as follows | |
| Clinical Pharmacology | The branch of pharmacology that deals with the use of drugs to treat, prevent and diagnose illness |
| DAW | Dispense as Written: meaning that the brand drug not generic be given to the patient |
| Use of Dronabinol ( marinol) | This drug prevents nausea and vomiting in cancer patients |
| Natural Licorice | If ingested in large amounts can be retained in body resulting in false aldosterone- a hormone found in the body which leads to fluid retention and hypokalemia and kow serum potassium |
| Digitalis | An example of a plant derived drug source |
| FDA regulated tests are designed to do what | FDA regulated tests are designed to ensure the safety and reliability of any drug approved in the USA |
| Iron | Used for the treatment of anemia |
| Gold | Used to treatment of rheumatoid arthritis |
| fluroide | To prevent tooth decay |
| Aluminimum | Antacid used to decreae gastric acid, prevention of the formation of phosphate urinanry stones, for the management of hyperphosphaternia |
| Drug Lag | the time it takes usually 5 to 6 years for drug companies to bring the drug to the market. It can be accelerated if the benefit is thought to be very important to the diseased population |
| Pure Food and Drug Act -1906 | Prevented the marketing of adulterated drugs and required labelling to eliminate false or misleading claims |
| Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act -1938 | Mandated tests for drug toxicity and provided a means of recalling the drugs. It established the procedures for new drugs and gave FDA the power of enforcement |
| Durham- Humphrey Amendment- 1951 | Tightened control of certain drugs- specified drugs to be labeles as " may not be distributed without a prescription" |
| Controlled Substance Act-1970 | Defined drug abuse and classified drugs as to their potential for abuse and provided strict controls over the distribution and use of these drugs |
| Orphan Drug Act 1983 | Provided incentives for the development of orphan drugs for treatment of rate diseases |
| The FDA Pregnancy categories | Indicate a drug's potential or actual teratogenci effects |
| The duties of DEA | The storing, prescribing and distributing if controlled substances- drugs that are more apt to be addictive |
| Phase 1 drugs are: | Include studies on healthy human volunteers who are often paid for their participation |
| Generic name of a drug | The name assigned to the drug by the pharmaceutical company developing it |
| The reason health young women are not involved in Phase I drug studies is | Females are more apt to suffer from ova problems and female ova is formed before birth |
Created by:
Nurseifey
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