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Abscess
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Aerotolerant organisms
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Mortuary Science

Microbiology 2

QuestionAnswer
Abscess A localized infection characterized by a collection of pus in any part of the body that results from disinegration or displacement of tissue.
Aerotolerant organisms Can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) An infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in which the virus destroys the immune system and leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and malignancies.
Alcohols Widely used disinfectants that control microbial growth by denaturing proteins and by dissolving lipids in the cell membrane of microorganisms.
Aldehydes Group of organic compunds that control microbial growth by reacting with the proteins in microorganisms and altering their chemical structure.
Amphitrichous Bacterium has one flagellum at either end of its cell
Antibodies Glycoprotein substances developed in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen; also known as immunoglobulins.
Antigen A foreign substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies that interact specifically with it.
Antisepsis The process by which microbial growth is inhibited on living tissue to prevent infection. Destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue.
Artificial active immunity The result of a vaccination
Artificial passive immunity The result of the injection of antibodies in the form of immune serums.
Aspergillus fumigatus Causative agent of aspergillosis
Attenuation Dilution or weakening of the virulence of a microorganism, reducing or abolishing pathogenicity.
Bacillus Anthracis Causative agent of anthrax.
Bacillus Anthracis Causative agent of anthrax.
Bacteremia The presence of bacteria in the blood.
Bactericidal Treatment of a bacterium which ends in killing the organism.
Bactericides Kills bacteria but not necessarily their spores.
Bacteriostatic Treatment of a bacterium which hinders the organism's ability to grow without necessarily killing it.
Benzalkonium Chloride A topical antiseptic used on the skin before surgery, in nasal sprays, and as a preservative in eye drops.
Biological Vectors An arthropod vector in which the disease
Bordetella Pertussis Causative agent of whooping cough.
Borrelia burgdorferi Causative agent of Lyme disease.
Botox A derivative of the botulin toxin produced C. botulinum. Injected directly into facial lines or other muscles (cramps), where it causes the muscles to relax. Gives relief for months.
Buboes An inflamed, swollen, or enlarged lymph mode exhibiting suppuration, occurring commonly after infective disease due to absorption of infected material.
Campylobacter jejuni Causative agent of intestinal ulcers.
Candida albicans Causative agent of candidiasis
Candida albicans yeast infection
Carbolic Acid Joseph Lister (1827
Carbuncle Several communicating boils of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with the production and discharge of pus and dead tissue
Carolus Linnaeus Author of Systema Nature in 1735
Chlamydia Bacteria that grow only intracellularly
Chlamydia pneumoniae Causative agent of chlamydial pneumonia
Chlamydia psittaci Causative agent of trachoma of the eye and causative agent of parrot fever.
Chlamydia trachomatis Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), also known as nonspecific urethritis (NSU), refers to any inflammation of the urethra not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Chlorine Disinfects water supply, sewage, pools, bedpans, toilets, and floors.
Clostridium botulinum Causative agent of botulism.
Clostridium perfringens This enzyme breaks down red blood cells and induces some of the symptoms of gas gangrene. Tissue gas
Clostridium tetani The bacterium that causes tetanus (lockjaw).
Coagulase A bacterial enzyme that causes blood to clot by converting fibrinogen into fibrin.
Coccidioides immitis Causative agent of coccidiodomycosis
Coccidioidmycosis Causative agent,the fungus Coccidioides immitis. Endemic to the hot, dry, dusty areas of the Western Hemisphere.
Common Cold More than 200 different viruses are known to cause the symptoms of this disease
Communicable diseases Those diseases that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from on individual to another.
Congenital rubella syndrome A form of birth defect that occurs when the mother becomes infected with the rubella virus in her first trimester
Contamination The act of introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area or substance.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Causative agent of diphtheria.
Coxiella Burnetii Causative agent of Q fever.
Cremation Human remains are placed in a retort, and a temperature of about 1600 degrees F (871 degrees C) is maintained until the remains have undergone complete combustion.
Cresols Commonly used in mortuary disinfectants because they work well in the presence of other organic compounds.
Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (CJD)
Cryptococcus neoformans Causative agent of fungal meningitis
Cryptosporidium parvum Causative agent of cryptosporidiosis
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Incusion disease; Contact with body secreations such as saliva, urine, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk; Fetal birth defects; in adults symptoms sometimes include prolonged fever and mild hepatitis
Decimal reduction time Time in minutes it takes to kill 90% of the present microorganisms.
dermatophytes A wide variety of fungi that can infect the integumentary system
Dermatropic Diseases Viral infections of the skin
Dimorphic Fungi that alternate between unicellular and multicellular forms
Disinfection The destruction of vegetative pathogens by chemical or physical means by applying the disinfectant to an inanimate object.
Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Protista; Kingdom Fungi; Kingdom Animalia; Kingdom Plantae
Drug fast
Dry heat Kills microorganisms by coagulating the proteins they contain and breaking hydrogen bonds within the microorganisms.
Ebola virus Causative agent of Ebola hemmorrhagic fever; Body fluid contact; Acute fever, headache, arthritis, muscle pain, sore throat, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, rash, red eyes, hiccups, internal and external bleeding
Embalming Process of chemically treating the dead human body to temporarily disinfect, preserve, and restore an acceptable physical appearance.
Encephalitis Inflamation of the brain
Encephalitis virus Encephalitis; Mosquito bite; Chills, fever, headache, confusion, coma
Endemic diseases Occuring continuously in a particular region but usually have a low mortality.
Endemic typhus Unlike other rickettsial infections, no rash is present in this disease
Endocytic The ability of a cell to take in substances from its environment
Endogenous infections Infections caused by bacteria that are normally nonpathogenic and that normally inhabit the digestive tract.
Endospore A thick
Endotoxin Bacterial toxin confined within the body of a bacterium freed only when the bacterium is broken down; found only in gram negative bacteria.
Entamoeba histolytica Causative agent of amebic dysentery (amebiasis)
Epidemic diseases Diseases that attack many people at the same time in the same geographic region.
Epidemic typhus A disease caused by Rickettsia prowazekii
Epidermophyton Athlete's foot (Tinea pedis)
Epstein Barr virus
Eschar An anthrax lesion characterized by a central mass of necrotic tissue surrounded by inflammatory vesicles.
Escherichia coli Causative agent of enteroinvasive E. coli or enterohemorrhagic E. coli
Eukaryotic Cells contain membrane
Exogenous infections Infections caused by organisms not present in the body.
Exotoxin A toxin, generally a protein, produced by a microorganism and excreted into its surrounding medium.
Facultative organisms Capable of adjusting to changes in oxygen levels in their environment.
Fibrinolysin An enzyme capable of digesting fibrin threads in blood.
Focal Infection An infection in which organisms are orginally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessel and spread to other parts of the body.
Fomites Any inanimate object to which infectious material adheres and can be transmitted.
Formalin 37% formaldehyde by mass and 40% by volume used as a disinfectant.
Fractional sterilization Items are placed in free
Francisella Tularensis Causative agent of tularemia (rabbit fever).
Fungi A group of often filamentous unicellular and multicellular organisms lacking chlorophyll that usually bear spores
Fungicides Kills both fungi and their spores.
Furuncle An abscess due to pyogenic infection of a sweat gland or hair follicle
Gardnerella vaginalis Bacterial vaginosis
General Infection An infection that becomes systemic.
Germicides Kills a variety of different types of microorganisms, but not necessarily their spores.
Giardia lamblia Causative agent of giardiasis
Glutaraldehyde An effective disinfectant and is actually a cold chemical sterilant when activated in a 2 percent solution, which is germicidal in 10 minutes and kills endospores in 3 to 12 hours.
Haemophilus influenzae Causative agent of influenzal meningitis.
Halogens The six elements found in the next to the last column on the far right side of the periodic table. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine,and iodine.
Hantavirus Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome; Inhalation of virus from infected rodents; Fatigue, fever, muscle aches, headache, dizziness, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, dyspnea
Helicobacter pylori Causative agent of stomach ulcers.
Hepatitis An inflammatory disorder of the liver caused by a virus (hepatitis viruses A, B, and C); Hepatitis B is spread through body fluid contact, it can lead to either a chronic liver disease or death
Hepatitis A virus Causative agent of infectious hepatitis; Fecal
Hepatitis B virus Causative agent of serum hepatitis; Contaminated body fluids; Chronic or fatal, causing scarring and hardening of the liver, jaundice, liver cancer, or liver failure
Hepatitis C virus Non
Herpes simplex 1 virus Causative agent of cold cores; Oral or respiratory route; Cold sore lesion on mouth
Herpes simplex 2 virus Causative agent of genital herpes; Sexually transmitted; Chronic painful blistering on genitals, flulike symptoms, fever, swollen glands
Hexachlorophene Only available with a prescription, but it is an ingredient in several commercial embalming chemicals. About 450 times more effective as a germicide than phenol.
Histoplasma capsulatum Causative agent of histoplasmosis (cave disease; spelunker's disease; Darling's disease; reticuloendothelial Cytomycosis)
Host The organism from which a microorganism obtains nourishment.
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Causative agent of AIDS; Sexually transmitted, sharing IV drug needles; Failure of immune system
Human papilloma virus (HPV) Genital warts
Hyaluronidase A bacterial enzyme that penetrates the body's connective tissues, permitting the easy spread of infection throughout the body.
Hydrophobia An acute, neurotropic, infectious disease caused by a rhabdovirus known as the rabies virus
Hyphae Long filamentous structures
Incineration Reduction of waste to a more manageable quantity and form, ashes. Both the vegetative bacteria and the bacterial endospore are inactivated during incineration.
Infection The state or condition in which the body or a part of the body is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects.
Influenza Viral infections of the respiratory tract
Influenza virus Causative agent of the flu; Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Fever, chills, headache, cough, sore throat, extreme fatigue
Insecticides Kills insects.
Iodophore Compound of iodine and a surfactant such as a detergent that can slowly release the free iodine.
Kaposi's sarcoma A common skin and blood vessel cancer found in cases of HIV infection
Kingdom Monera Prokaryotic Organisms
Klebsiella pneumoniae Causative agent of nosocomial respiratory infections.
Kuru A prion disease in isolated New Guinea tribes. Transmitted by contact with brain and tissue of dead victims, now declining as practices that led to this contact decline.
Larvicides Kills larvae, which are the wormlike forms of newly hatched insects.
Legionella Pneumophilia Causative agent of Legionnaire's disease.
Leptospira Causative agent of leptospirosis.
Leptospira interrogans Causative agent of leptospirosis.
Lipase A bacterial enzyme that acts with the oils and fats secreted by the sebaceous glands allowing the bacteria to colonize in the skin.
Listeria monocytogenes Causative agent of listeriosis.
Local Infection Infection caused by germs lodging and multiplying at one point in a tissue and remaining there.
Lophotrichous Bacterium has two or more flagella on either end of its cell
Lymphogranuloma venereum Chlamydia trachomatis; Sexual contact; 75% of female and 50% of male cases are asymptomatic; blister appears on genitals, rupture and painlessly heal; enlargemant of regional lymph nodes with pus
Mad Cow disease Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is commonly known as this
Malaria A febrile disease of the blood characterized by chills and fever. It is caused by a protozoan and spread by Anopheles mosquito bite, which is a biological vector.
Mechanical Vector A living organism or an object that is capable of transmitting infections by carrying the disease agent on its external body part or surface.
Meningitis Inflammation of the membranes around the brain and the spinal cord
Meningitis in newborns Ingestion of raw milk. Lethargy, jaundice, respiratory distress, shock, pneumonia, anorexia
meningoencephalitis Inflamation of the brain and the membrane surrounding it
Microaerophilic organisms Require little free oxygen (2% to 10%)
Microsporum Jock itch (Tinea cruris)
Mixed infection An infection caused by two or more organisms.
molds Fungi that are filamentous and multicellular
Mononucleosis An infectious inflammatory disease caused by the Epstein
Monotrichous Bacterium has one flagellum
Mucosal leishmaniasis Deadly flesh eating leishmania parasites. Can be deadly if spreads to face by obstruction of breathing and eating. Found in Asia, Europe and South America. Biological vector Sand Fly.
Mumps Virus Causative agent of epidemic parotitis; Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Swelling of parotid salivary glands, fever, painful swallowing, orchitis, meningitis, pancreatitis, inflammation of ovaries
Mycobacterium avium Causative agent of Mycobacterium Avium Complex.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Causative agent of tuberculosis.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Also known as primary atypical pneumonia
Mycoplasmas Once thought to be viruses, these are actually the smallest free
Natural active immunity Developing a disease and recovering from it.
Natural passive immunity The result of placental transfer of antibodies in the uterus, or from the transfer of antibodies in the mother's first breast milk, which is known as colostrum.
Necrobiosis The process by which the epithelial layer of the skin continuously dies, sloughs off, and is replaced with new cells.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Causative agent of gonorrhea.
Neisseria meningitidis Causative agent of meningococcal meningitis.
Neurotropic diseases Viral infections of the central nervous system
Noncommunicable diseases Diseases that don't spread from one person to another.
Obligate (strict) aerobes Can only live in the presence of oxygen because they need oxygen to metabolize sugars
Obligate (strict) anaerobes Microbes that can only survive in an environment devoid of oxygen. i.e., Listeria, Clostridium botulinum, C. perfringens
oophoritis Inflammation of the ovaries
Opportunist An organism that exists as part of the normal flora but that can become pathogenic under certain conditions.
orchitis Inflammation of the testicles
ornithosis Also known as parrot fever or as ornithosis
Otitis Media This infection is caused by bacterial contaminated water, eardrum puncture, or skull fracture resulting in ear ache caused by pus behind the ear drum
Pandemic diseases Diseases affecting the majority of the population of a large region or are epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world.
Parrot fever A respiratory disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci
Pathogen A microorganism capable of producing disease.
Pathogenicity The state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease.
Peritrichous Bacterium has flagella distributed over its entire cell
Petechiae Pinpoint bleeding.
Plasmodium malariae Causative agent of malaria
Pneumocystis carinii Causative agent of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) (pneumocystosis)
Poliovirus Causative agent of poliomyelitis
Poliovirus Poliomyelitis (polio); Fecal
Primary Infection An original infection from which a second one originates.
Prokaryotes No nucleus or any other membrane
Proteus Species Causative agent of infections in burns.
Proteus vulgaris Generalized decomposition
Protozoa One
Pthirus pubis crabs
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics that damage cellular membranes and denature microbial proteins. A group of disinfectants that are deactivated in the presence of soap and includes benzalkonium chloride.
Rabies virus Causative agent of hydrophobia; Animal bite or inhalation of aerosolized virus; Encephalitis, inability to swallow, paralysis
Reservoir The natural habitat of a disease
Resistance The ability of an organism to defend itself against infection and disease; the sum total of body mechanisms that interpose barriers to the progress of invasion, multiplication of infectious agents, or damage by their toxic products.
Rickettsia Short, nonmotile, gram
Rickettsia Rickettsii Causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Reservoir. Rodents. Transmission. Tick bite.
Rickettsia Typhi Causative agent of typhus fever. Reservoir. Rodents. Transmission. Flea bite.
Rocky Mountain spotted fever A disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii
Rubella virus Causative agent of German measles; Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Red spots and fever that can lead to encephalitis
Rubeola virus Causative agent of measles; Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Red spots on face, trunk, and extremities that can lead to encephalitis; symptoms are more severe than in German measles
Salmonella Enteritidis Causative agent of salmonellosis.
Salmonella enteritidis Salmonella food poisoning (Salmonellosis)
Salmonella typhi Causative agent of typhoid fever.
Scrubbing Manual process by which microorganisms are removed from a surface.
Secondary Infection Infection caused by a different organism than the one causing the primary infection.
Septicemia Condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in blood; commonly known as blood poisoning.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) A repiratory illness that has recently been reported in Asia, North America, and Europe
Sheep Scrapie A disease of sheep and goats that causes them to rub sores on their bodies
Shigella species Causative agent of bacillary dysentery.
Spongiform encephalopathies A genetic disorder within families that results from a mutation of the normal prion protein in the brain
Sporadic diseases Occuring occasionally or in scattered instances within a geographic region.
Sporicides Agents that kill bacterial and mold spores, can also be used during the process of terminal disinfection of embalming instruments and equipment.
St. Vitus' dance In approximately 10% of the cases of rheumatic fever, a condition known as Sydenham's chorea develops. Characterized by purposeless, involuntary movements during waking hours.
Steam under pressure The most effective means of controlling microbial growth because pressure, temperature, and length of exposure can be controlled.
Sterilization The process of completely removing or destroying all life
Straphylococcus aureus Causative agent of toxic shock syndrome.
Streptococcus agalacitae Causative agent of meningitis in newborns.
Streptococcus pneumoniae Causative agent of otitis media (about 35% of cases)
Streptococcus pyogenes Causative agent of scarlet fever.
Taxonomy Seeks to organize living things into groups based on morphology, or genetics.
Thermal death point Lowest temperature at which all microorganisms are killed in 10 minutes.
Thermal death time Minimum time it takes to kill all microorganisms present.
Tincture A solution of iodine and alcohol that is primarily used as an antiseptic. It does not kill endospores.
Toxemia Blood distribution throughout the body of poisonous products of bacteria growing in a focal or local site, thus producing generalized symptoms.
Toxin A poisonous substance of plant, animal, bacterial, or fungal origin.
Toxoplasma gondii Causative agent of toxoplasmosis
Trachoma A chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis that is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world
Treponema pallidum Causative agent of syphilis.
Treponema pallidum syphilis
Trichomonas vaginalis Trichomoniasis
Trichophyton Scalp ringworm (Tinea capitis)
True Pathogen Real or genuine disease producing organism.
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Causative agent of West African sleeping sickness.
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Causative agent of East African sleeping sickness
tsetse fly A blood
Ultraviolet (UV) light A form of nonionizing radiation that can effectively control the growth of microorganisms placed directly in its path.
Universal Precautions Guidelines designed to protect workers with occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens.
Varicella zoster virus
Variola virus Causative agent of smallpox; Respiratory route; Characteristic pox lesions of the skin and organs
Vibrio Cholerae Causative agent of cholera. The disease is characterized by a profuse and watery diarrhea.
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.
Virucides Kills viruses.
Virulence Relative power and degree of pathogenicity possessed by organisms to produce disease
West Nile virus West Nile encephalitis; Mosquito bite; Inflammation of nervous system
Yeasts Fungi that are encapsulated and are unicellular
Yersinia Pestis Causative agent of plague. Reservoir. Rodents. Transmission. Flea bites.
Zoonoses Diseases that are communicable from animals or animal products.
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