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Mortuary Science
Microbiology 2
Question | Answer |
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Abscess | A localized infection characterized by a collection of pus in any part of the body that results from disinegration or displacement of tissue. |
Aerotolerant organisms | Can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen |
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) | An infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in which the virus destroys the immune system and leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and malignancies. |
Alcohols | Widely used disinfectants that control microbial growth by denaturing proteins and by dissolving lipids in the cell membrane of microorganisms. |
Aldehydes | Group of organic compunds that control microbial growth by reacting with the proteins in microorganisms and altering their chemical structure. |
Amphitrichous | Bacterium has one flagellum at either end of its cell |
Antibodies | Glycoprotein substances developed in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen; also known as immunoglobulins. |
Antigen | A foreign substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies that interact specifically with it. |
Antisepsis | The process by which microbial growth is inhibited on living tissue to prevent infection. Destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue. |
Artificial active immunity | The result of a vaccination |
Artificial passive immunity | The result of the injection of antibodies in the form of immune serums. |
Aspergillus fumigatus | Causative agent of aspergillosis |
Attenuation | Dilution or weakening of the virulence of a microorganism, reducing or abolishing pathogenicity. |
Bacillus Anthracis | Causative agent of anthrax. |
Bacillus Anthracis | Causative agent of anthrax. |
Bacteremia | The presence of bacteria in the blood. |
Bactericidal | Treatment of a bacterium which ends in killing the organism. |
Bactericides | Kills bacteria but not necessarily their spores. |
Bacteriostatic | Treatment of a bacterium which hinders the organism's ability to grow without necessarily killing it. |
Benzalkonium Chloride | A topical antiseptic used on the skin before surgery, in nasal sprays, and as a preservative in eye drops. |
Biological Vectors | An arthropod vector in which the disease |
Bordetella Pertussis | Causative agent of whooping cough. |
Borrelia burgdorferi | Causative agent of Lyme disease. |
Botox | A derivative of the botulin toxin produced C. botulinum. Injected directly into facial lines or other muscles (cramps), where it causes the muscles to relax. Gives relief for months. |
Buboes | An inflamed, swollen, or enlarged lymph mode exhibiting suppuration, occurring commonly after infective disease due to absorption of infected material. |
Campylobacter jejuni | Causative agent of intestinal ulcers. |
Candida albicans | Causative agent of candidiasis |
Candida albicans | yeast infection |
Carbolic Acid | Joseph Lister (1827 |
Carbuncle | Several communicating boils of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with the production and discharge of pus and dead tissue |
Carolus Linnaeus | Author of Systema Nature in 1735 |
Chlamydia | Bacteria that grow only intracellularly |
Chlamydia pneumoniae | Causative agent of chlamydial pneumonia |
Chlamydia psittaci | Causative agent of trachoma of the eye and causative agent of parrot fever. |
Chlamydia trachomatis | Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), also known as nonspecific urethritis (NSU), refers to any inflammation of the urethra not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. |
Chlorine | Disinfects water supply, sewage, pools, bedpans, toilets, and floors. |
Clostridium botulinum | Causative agent of botulism. |
Clostridium perfringens | This enzyme breaks down red blood cells and induces some of the symptoms of gas gangrene. Tissue gas |
Clostridium tetani | The bacterium that causes tetanus (lockjaw). |
Coagulase | A bacterial enzyme that causes blood to clot by converting fibrinogen into fibrin. |
Coccidioides immitis | Causative agent of coccidiodomycosis |
Coccidioidmycosis | Causative agent,the fungus Coccidioides immitis. Endemic to the hot, dry, dusty areas of the Western Hemisphere. |
Common Cold | More than 200 different viruses are known to cause the symptoms of this disease |
Communicable diseases | Those diseases that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from on individual to another. |
Congenital rubella syndrome | A form of birth defect that occurs when the mother becomes infected with the rubella virus in her first trimester |
Contamination | The act of introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area or substance. |
Corynebacterium diphtheriae | Causative agent of diphtheria. |
Coxiella Burnetii | Causative agent of Q fever. |
Cremation | Human remains are placed in a retort, and a temperature of about 1600 degrees F (871 degrees C) is maintained until the remains have undergone complete combustion. |
Cresols | Commonly used in mortuary disinfectants because they work well in the presence of other organic compounds. |
Creutzfeldt | Jakob disease (CJD) |
Cryptococcus neoformans | Causative agent of fungal meningitis |
Cryptosporidium parvum | Causative agent of cryptosporidiosis |
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | Incusion disease; Contact with body secreations such as saliva, urine, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk; Fetal birth defects; in adults symptoms sometimes include prolonged fever and mild hepatitis |
Decimal reduction time | Time in minutes it takes to kill 90% of the present microorganisms. |
dermatophytes | A wide variety of fungi that can infect the integumentary system |
Dermatropic Diseases | Viral infections of the skin |
Dimorphic | Fungi that alternate between unicellular and multicellular forms |
Disinfection | The destruction of vegetative pathogens by chemical or physical means by applying the disinfectant to an inanimate object. |
Domain Eukaryota | Kingdom Protista; Kingdom Fungi; Kingdom Animalia; Kingdom Plantae |
Drug | fast |
Dry heat | Kills microorganisms by coagulating the proteins they contain and breaking hydrogen bonds within the microorganisms. |
Ebola virus | Causative agent of Ebola hemmorrhagic fever; Body fluid contact; Acute fever, headache, arthritis, muscle pain, sore throat, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, rash, red eyes, hiccups, internal and external bleeding |
Embalming | Process of chemically treating the dead human body to temporarily disinfect, preserve, and restore an acceptable physical appearance. |
Encephalitis | Inflamation of the brain |
Encephalitis virus | Encephalitis; Mosquito bite; Chills, fever, headache, confusion, coma |
Endemic diseases | Occuring continuously in a particular region but usually have a low mortality. |
Endemic typhus | Unlike other rickettsial infections, no rash is present in this disease |
Endocytic | The ability of a cell to take in substances from its environment |
Endogenous infections | Infections caused by bacteria that are normally nonpathogenic and that normally inhabit the digestive tract. |
Endospore | A thick |
Endotoxin | Bacterial toxin confined within the body of a bacterium freed only when the bacterium is broken down; found only in gram negative bacteria. |
Entamoeba histolytica | Causative agent of amebic dysentery (amebiasis) |
Epidemic diseases | Diseases that attack many people at the same time in the same geographic region. |
Epidemic typhus | A disease caused by Rickettsia prowazekii |
Epidermophyton | Athlete's foot (Tinea pedis) |
Epstein | Barr virus |
Eschar | An anthrax lesion characterized by a central mass of necrotic tissue surrounded by inflammatory vesicles. |
Escherichia coli | Causative agent of enteroinvasive E. coli or enterohemorrhagic E. coli |
Eukaryotic | Cells contain membrane |
Exogenous infections | Infections caused by organisms not present in the body. |
Exotoxin | A toxin, generally a protein, produced by a microorganism and excreted into its surrounding medium. |
Facultative organisms | Capable of adjusting to changes in oxygen levels in their environment. |
Fibrinolysin | An enzyme capable of digesting fibrin threads in blood. |
Focal Infection | An infection in which organisms are orginally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessel and spread to other parts of the body. |
Fomites | Any inanimate object to which infectious material adheres and can be transmitted. |
Formalin | 37% formaldehyde by mass and 40% by volume used as a disinfectant. |
Fractional sterilization | Items are placed in free |
Francisella Tularensis | Causative agent of tularemia (rabbit fever). |
Fungi | A group of often filamentous unicellular and multicellular organisms lacking chlorophyll that usually bear spores |
Fungicides | Kills both fungi and their spores. |
Furuncle | An abscess due to pyogenic infection of a sweat gland or hair follicle |
Gardnerella vaginalis | Bacterial vaginosis |
General Infection | An infection that becomes systemic. |
Germicides | Kills a variety of different types of microorganisms, but not necessarily their spores. |
Giardia lamblia | Causative agent of giardiasis |
Glutaraldehyde | An effective disinfectant and is actually a cold chemical sterilant when activated in a 2 percent solution, which is germicidal in 10 minutes and kills endospores in 3 to 12 hours. |
Haemophilus influenzae | Causative agent of influenzal meningitis. |
Halogens | The six elements found in the next to the last column on the far right side of the periodic table. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine,and iodine. |
Hantavirus | Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome; Inhalation of virus from infected rodents; Fatigue, fever, muscle aches, headache, dizziness, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, dyspnea |
Helicobacter pylori | Causative agent of stomach ulcers. |
Hepatitis | An inflammatory disorder of the liver caused by a virus (hepatitis viruses A, B, and C); Hepatitis B is spread through body fluid contact, it can lead to either a chronic liver disease or death |
Hepatitis A virus | Causative agent of infectious hepatitis; Fecal |
Hepatitis B virus | Causative agent of serum hepatitis; Contaminated body fluids; Chronic or fatal, causing scarring and hardening of the liver, jaundice, liver cancer, or liver failure |
Hepatitis C virus | Non |
Herpes simplex 1 virus | Causative agent of cold cores; Oral or respiratory route; Cold sore lesion on mouth |
Herpes simplex 2 virus | Causative agent of genital herpes; Sexually transmitted; Chronic painful blistering on genitals, flulike symptoms, fever, swollen glands |
Hexachlorophene | Only available with a prescription, but it is an ingredient in several commercial embalming chemicals. About 450 times more effective as a germicide than phenol. |
Histoplasma capsulatum | Causative agent of histoplasmosis (cave disease; spelunker's disease; Darling's disease; reticuloendothelial Cytomycosis) |
Host | The organism from which a microorganism obtains nourishment. |
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Causative agent of AIDS; Sexually transmitted, sharing IV drug needles; Failure of immune system |
Human papilloma virus (HPV) | Genital warts |
Hyaluronidase | A bacterial enzyme that penetrates the body's connective tissues, permitting the easy spread of infection throughout the body. |
Hydrophobia | An acute, neurotropic, infectious disease caused by a rhabdovirus known as the rabies virus |
Hyphae | Long filamentous structures |
Incineration | Reduction of waste to a more manageable quantity and form, ashes. Both the vegetative bacteria and the bacterial endospore are inactivated during incineration. |
Infection | The state or condition in which the body or a part of the body is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects. |
Influenza | Viral infections of the respiratory tract |
Influenza virus | Causative agent of the flu; Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Fever, chills, headache, cough, sore throat, extreme fatigue |
Insecticides | Kills insects. |
Iodophore | Compound of iodine and a surfactant such as a detergent that can slowly release the free iodine. |
Kaposi's sarcoma | A common skin and blood vessel cancer found in cases of HIV infection |
Kingdom Monera | Prokaryotic Organisms |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | Causative agent of nosocomial respiratory infections. |
Kuru | A prion disease in isolated New Guinea tribes. Transmitted by contact with brain and tissue of dead victims, now declining as practices that led to this contact decline. |
Larvicides | Kills larvae, which are the wormlike forms of newly hatched insects. |
Legionella Pneumophilia | Causative agent of Legionnaire's disease. |
Leptospira | Causative agent of leptospirosis. |
Leptospira interrogans | Causative agent of leptospirosis. |
Lipase | A bacterial enzyme that acts with the oils and fats secreted by the sebaceous glands allowing the bacteria to colonize in the skin. |
Listeria monocytogenes | Causative agent of listeriosis. |
Local Infection | Infection caused by germs lodging and multiplying at one point in a tissue and remaining there. |
Lophotrichous | Bacterium has two or more flagella on either end of its cell |
Lymphogranuloma venereum | Chlamydia trachomatis; Sexual contact; 75% of female and 50% of male cases are asymptomatic; blister appears on genitals, rupture and painlessly heal; enlargemant of regional lymph nodes with pus |
Mad Cow disease | Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is commonly known as this |
Malaria | A febrile disease of the blood characterized by chills and fever. It is caused by a protozoan and spread by Anopheles mosquito bite, which is a biological vector. |
Mechanical Vector | A living organism or an object that is capable of transmitting infections by carrying the disease agent on its external body part or surface. |
Meningitis | Inflammation of the membranes around the brain and the spinal cord |
Meningitis in newborns | Ingestion of raw milk. Lethargy, jaundice, respiratory distress, shock, pneumonia, anorexia |
meningoencephalitis | Inflamation of the brain and the membrane surrounding it |
Microaerophilic organisms | Require little free oxygen (2% to 10%) |
Microsporum | Jock itch (Tinea cruris) |
Mixed infection | An infection caused by two or more organisms. |
molds | Fungi that are filamentous and multicellular |
Mononucleosis | An infectious inflammatory disease caused by the Epstein |
Monotrichous | Bacterium has one flagellum |
Mucosal leishmaniasis | Deadly flesh eating leishmania parasites. Can be deadly if spreads to face by obstruction of breathing and eating. Found in Asia, Europe and South America. Biological vector Sand Fly. |
Mumps Virus | Causative agent of epidemic parotitis; Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Swelling of parotid salivary glands, fever, painful swallowing, orchitis, meningitis, pancreatitis, inflammation of ovaries |
Mycobacterium avium | Causative agent of Mycobacterium Avium Complex. |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Causative agent of tuberculosis. |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae | Also known as primary atypical pneumonia |
Mycoplasmas | Once thought to be viruses, these are actually the smallest free |
Natural active immunity | Developing a disease and recovering from it. |
Natural passive immunity | The result of placental transfer of antibodies in the uterus, or from the transfer of antibodies in the mother's first breast milk, which is known as colostrum. |
Necrobiosis | The process by which the epithelial layer of the skin continuously dies, sloughs off, and is replaced with new cells. |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae | Causative agent of gonorrhea. |
Neisseria meningitidis | Causative agent of meningococcal meningitis. |
Neurotropic diseases | Viral infections of the central nervous system |
Noncommunicable diseases | Diseases that don't spread from one person to another. |
Obligate (strict) aerobes | Can only live in the presence of oxygen because they need oxygen to metabolize sugars |
Obligate (strict) anaerobes | Microbes that can only survive in an environment devoid of oxygen. i.e., Listeria, Clostridium botulinum, C. perfringens |
oophoritis | Inflammation of the ovaries |
Opportunist | An organism that exists as part of the normal flora but that can become pathogenic under certain conditions. |
orchitis | Inflammation of the testicles |
ornithosis | Also known as parrot fever or as ornithosis |
Otitis Media | This infection is caused by bacterial contaminated water, eardrum puncture, or skull fracture resulting in ear ache caused by pus behind the ear drum |
Pandemic diseases | Diseases affecting the majority of the population of a large region or are epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world. |
Parrot fever | A respiratory disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci |
Pathogen | A microorganism capable of producing disease. |
Pathogenicity | The state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease. |
Peritrichous | Bacterium has flagella distributed over its entire cell |
Petechiae | Pinpoint bleeding. |
Plasmodium malariae | Causative agent of malaria |
Pneumocystis carinii | Causative agent of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) (pneumocystosis) |
Poliovirus | Causative agent of poliomyelitis |
Poliovirus | Poliomyelitis (polio); Fecal |
Primary Infection | An original infection from which a second one originates. |
Prokaryotes | No nucleus or any other membrane |
Proteus Species | Causative agent of infections in burns. |
Proteus vulgaris | Generalized decomposition |
Protozoa | One |
Pthirus pubis | crabs |
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds | Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics that damage cellular membranes and denature microbial proteins. A group of disinfectants that are deactivated in the presence of soap and includes benzalkonium chloride. |
Rabies virus | Causative agent of hydrophobia; Animal bite or inhalation of aerosolized virus; Encephalitis, inability to swallow, paralysis |
Reservoir | The natural habitat of a disease |
Resistance | The ability of an organism to defend itself against infection and disease; the sum total of body mechanisms that interpose barriers to the progress of invasion, multiplication of infectious agents, or damage by their toxic products. |
Rickettsia | Short, nonmotile, gram |
Rickettsia Rickettsii | Causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Reservoir. Rodents. Transmission. Tick bite. |
Rickettsia Typhi | Causative agent of typhus fever. Reservoir. Rodents. Transmission. Flea bite. |
Rocky Mountain spotted fever | A disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii |
Rubella virus | Causative agent of German measles; Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Red spots and fever that can lead to encephalitis |
Rubeola virus | Causative agent of measles; Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Red spots on face, trunk, and extremities that can lead to encephalitis; symptoms are more severe than in German measles |
Salmonella Enteritidis | Causative agent of salmonellosis. |
Salmonella enteritidis | Salmonella food poisoning (Salmonellosis) |
Salmonella typhi | Causative agent of typhoid fever. |
Scrubbing | Manual process by which microorganisms are removed from a surface. |
Secondary Infection | Infection caused by a different organism than the one causing the primary infection. |
Septicemia | Condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in blood; commonly known as blood poisoning. |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | A repiratory illness that has recently been reported in Asia, North America, and Europe |
Sheep Scrapie | A disease of sheep and goats that causes them to rub sores on their bodies |
Shigella species | Causative agent of bacillary dysentery. |
Spongiform encephalopathies | A genetic disorder within families that results from a mutation of the normal prion protein in the brain |
Sporadic diseases | Occuring occasionally or in scattered instances within a geographic region. |
Sporicides | Agents that kill bacterial and mold spores, can also be used during the process of terminal disinfection of embalming instruments and equipment. |
St. Vitus' dance | In approximately 10% of the cases of rheumatic fever, a condition known as Sydenham's chorea develops. Characterized by purposeless, involuntary movements during waking hours. |
Steam under pressure | The most effective means of controlling microbial growth because pressure, temperature, and length of exposure can be controlled. |
Sterilization | The process of completely removing or destroying all life |
Straphylococcus aureus | Causative agent of toxic shock syndrome. |
Streptococcus agalacitae | Causative agent of meningitis in newborns. |
Streptococcus pneumoniae | Causative agent of otitis media (about 35% of cases) |
Streptococcus pyogenes | Causative agent of scarlet fever. |
Taxonomy | Seeks to organize living things into groups based on morphology, or genetics. |
Thermal death point | Lowest temperature at which all microorganisms are killed in 10 minutes. |
Thermal death time | Minimum time it takes to kill all microorganisms present. |
Tincture | A solution of iodine and alcohol that is primarily used as an antiseptic. It does not kill endospores. |
Toxemia | Blood distribution throughout the body of poisonous products of bacteria growing in a focal or local site, thus producing generalized symptoms. |
Toxin | A poisonous substance of plant, animal, bacterial, or fungal origin. |
Toxoplasma gondii | Causative agent of toxoplasmosis |
Trachoma | A chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis that is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world |
Treponema pallidum | Causative agent of syphilis. |
Treponema pallidum | syphilis |
Trichomonas vaginalis | Trichomoniasis |
Trichophyton | Scalp ringworm (Tinea capitis) |
True Pathogen | Real or genuine disease producing organism. |
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense | Causative agent of West African sleeping sickness. |
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense | Causative agent of East African sleeping sickness |
tsetse fly | A blood |
Ultraviolet (UV) light | A form of nonionizing radiation that can effectively control the growth of microorganisms placed directly in its path. |
Universal Precautions | Guidelines designed to protect workers with occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens. |
Varicella | zoster virus |
Variola virus | Causative agent of smallpox; Respiratory route; Characteristic pox lesions of the skin and organs |
Vibrio Cholerae | Causative agent of cholera. The disease is characterized by a profuse and watery diarrhea. |
Viremia | The presence of viruses in the blood. |
Virucides | Kills viruses. |
Virulence | Relative power and degree of pathogenicity possessed by organisms to produce disease |
West Nile virus | West Nile encephalitis; Mosquito bite; Inflammation of nervous system |
Yeasts | Fungi that are encapsulated and are unicellular |
Yersinia Pestis | Causative agent of plague. Reservoir. Rodents. Transmission. Flea bites. |
Zoonoses | Diseases that are communicable from animals or animal products. |