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Microbiology 2

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
Abscess   A localized infection characterized by a collection of pus in any part of the body that results from disinegration or displacement of tissue.  
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Aerotolerant organisms   Can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen  
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AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)   An infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in which the virus destroys the immune system and leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and malignancies.  
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Alcohols   Widely used disinfectants that control microbial growth by denaturing proteins and by dissolving lipids in the cell membrane of microorganisms.  
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Aldehydes   Group of organic compunds that control microbial growth by reacting with the proteins in microorganisms and altering their chemical structure.  
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Amphitrichous   Bacterium has one flagellum at either end of its cell  
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Antibodies   Glycoprotein substances developed in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen; also known as immunoglobulins.  
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Antigen   A foreign substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies that interact specifically with it.  
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Antisepsis   The process by which microbial growth is inhibited on living tissue to prevent infection. Destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue.  
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Artificial active immunity   The result of a vaccination  
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Artificial passive immunity   The result of the injection of antibodies in the form of immune serums.  
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Aspergillus fumigatus   Causative agent of aspergillosis  
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Attenuation   Dilution or weakening of the virulence of a microorganism, reducing or abolishing pathogenicity.  
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Bacillus Anthracis   Causative agent of anthrax.  
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Bacillus Anthracis   Causative agent of anthrax.  
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Bacteremia   The presence of bacteria in the blood.  
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Bactericidal   Treatment of a bacterium which ends in killing the organism.  
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Bactericides   Kills bacteria but not necessarily their spores.  
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Bacteriostatic   Treatment of a bacterium which hinders the organism's ability to grow without necessarily killing it.  
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Benzalkonium Chloride   A topical antiseptic used on the skin before surgery, in nasal sprays, and as a preservative in eye drops.  
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Biological Vectors   An arthropod vector in which the disease  
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Bordetella Pertussis   Causative agent of whooping cough.  
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Borrelia burgdorferi   Causative agent of Lyme disease.  
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Botox   A derivative of the botulin toxin produced C. botulinum. Injected directly into facial lines or other muscles (cramps), where it causes the muscles to relax. Gives relief for months.  
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Buboes   An inflamed, swollen, or enlarged lymph mode exhibiting suppuration, occurring commonly after infective disease due to absorption of infected material.  
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Campylobacter jejuni   Causative agent of intestinal ulcers.  
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Candida albicans   Causative agent of candidiasis  
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Candida albicans   yeast infection  
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Carbolic Acid   Joseph Lister (1827  
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Carbuncle   Several communicating boils of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with the production and discharge of pus and dead tissue  
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Carolus Linnaeus   Author of Systema Nature in 1735  
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Chlamydia   Bacteria that grow only intracellularly  
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Chlamydia pneumoniae   Causative agent of chlamydial pneumonia  
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Chlamydia psittaci   Causative agent of trachoma of the eye and causative agent of parrot fever.  
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Chlamydia trachomatis   Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), also known as nonspecific urethritis (NSU), refers to any inflammation of the urethra not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.  
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Chlorine   Disinfects water supply, sewage, pools, bedpans, toilets, and floors.  
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Clostridium botulinum   Causative agent of botulism.  
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Clostridium perfringens   This enzyme breaks down red blood cells and induces some of the symptoms of gas gangrene. Tissue gas  
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Clostridium tetani   The bacterium that causes tetanus (lockjaw).  
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Coagulase   A bacterial enzyme that causes blood to clot by converting fibrinogen into fibrin.  
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Coccidioides immitis   Causative agent of coccidiodomycosis  
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Coccidioidmycosis   Causative agent,the fungus Coccidioides immitis. Endemic to the hot, dry, dusty areas of the Western Hemisphere.  
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Common Cold   More than 200 different viruses are known to cause the symptoms of this disease  
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Communicable diseases   Those diseases that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from on individual to another.  
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Congenital rubella syndrome   A form of birth defect that occurs when the mother becomes infected with the rubella virus in her first trimester  
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Contamination   The act of introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area or substance.  
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae   Causative agent of diphtheria.  
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Coxiella Burnetii   Causative agent of Q fever.  
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Cremation   Human remains are placed in a retort, and a temperature of about 1600 degrees F (871 degrees C) is maintained until the remains have undergone complete combustion.  
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Cresols   Commonly used in mortuary disinfectants because they work well in the presence of other organic compounds.  
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Creutzfeldt   Jakob disease (CJD)  
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Cryptococcus neoformans   Causative agent of fungal meningitis  
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Cryptosporidium parvum   Causative agent of cryptosporidiosis  
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV)   Incusion disease; Contact with body secreations such as saliva, urine, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk; Fetal birth defects; in adults symptoms sometimes include prolonged fever and mild hepatitis  
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Decimal reduction time   Time in minutes it takes to kill 90% of the present microorganisms.  
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dermatophytes   A wide variety of fungi that can infect the integumentary system  
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Dermatropic Diseases   Viral infections of the skin  
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Dimorphic   Fungi that alternate between unicellular and multicellular forms  
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Disinfection   The destruction of vegetative pathogens by chemical or physical means by applying the disinfectant to an inanimate object.  
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Domain Eukaryota   Kingdom Protista; Kingdom Fungi; Kingdom Animalia; Kingdom Plantae  
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Drug   fast  
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Dry heat   Kills microorganisms by coagulating the proteins they contain and breaking hydrogen bonds within the microorganisms.  
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Ebola virus   Causative agent of Ebola hemmorrhagic fever; Body fluid contact; Acute fever, headache, arthritis, muscle pain, sore throat, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, rash, red eyes, hiccups, internal and external bleeding  
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Embalming   Process of chemically treating the dead human body to temporarily disinfect, preserve, and restore an acceptable physical appearance.  
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Encephalitis   Inflamation of the brain  
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Encephalitis virus   Encephalitis; Mosquito bite; Chills, fever, headache, confusion, coma  
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Endemic diseases   Occuring continuously in a particular region but usually have a low mortality.  
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Endemic typhus   Unlike other rickettsial infections, no rash is present in this disease  
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Endocytic   The ability of a cell to take in substances from its environment  
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Endogenous infections   Infections caused by bacteria that are normally nonpathogenic and that normally inhabit the digestive tract.  
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Endospore   A thick  
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Endotoxin   Bacterial toxin confined within the body of a bacterium freed only when the bacterium is broken down; found only in gram negative bacteria.  
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Entamoeba histolytica   Causative agent of amebic dysentery (amebiasis)  
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Epidemic diseases   Diseases that attack many people at the same time in the same geographic region.  
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Epidemic typhus   A disease caused by Rickettsia prowazekii  
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Epidermophyton   Athlete's foot (Tinea pedis)  
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Epstein   Barr virus  
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Eschar   An anthrax lesion characterized by a central mass of necrotic tissue surrounded by inflammatory vesicles.  
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Escherichia coli   Causative agent of enteroinvasive E. coli or enterohemorrhagic E. coli  
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Eukaryotic   Cells contain membrane  
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Exogenous infections   Infections caused by organisms not present in the body.  
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Exotoxin   A toxin, generally a protein, produced by a microorganism and excreted into its surrounding medium.  
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Facultative organisms   Capable of adjusting to changes in oxygen levels in their environment.  
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Fibrinolysin   An enzyme capable of digesting fibrin threads in blood.  
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Focal Infection   An infection in which organisms are orginally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessel and spread to other parts of the body.  
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Fomites   Any inanimate object to which infectious material adheres and can be transmitted.  
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Formalin   37% formaldehyde by mass and 40% by volume used as a disinfectant.  
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Fractional sterilization   Items are placed in free  
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Francisella Tularensis   Causative agent of tularemia (rabbit fever).  
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Fungi   A group of often filamentous unicellular and multicellular organisms lacking chlorophyll that usually bear spores  
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Fungicides   Kills both fungi and their spores.  
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Furuncle   An abscess due to pyogenic infection of a sweat gland or hair follicle  
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Gardnerella vaginalis   Bacterial vaginosis  
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General Infection   An infection that becomes systemic.  
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Germicides   Kills a variety of different types of microorganisms, but not necessarily their spores.  
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Giardia lamblia   Causative agent of giardiasis  
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Glutaraldehyde   An effective disinfectant and is actually a cold chemical sterilant when activated in a 2 percent solution, which is germicidal in 10 minutes and kills endospores in 3 to 12 hours.  
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Haemophilus influenzae   Causative agent of influenzal meningitis.  
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Halogens   The six elements found in the next to the last column on the far right side of the periodic table. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine,and iodine.  
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Hantavirus   Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome; Inhalation of virus from infected rodents; Fatigue, fever, muscle aches, headache, dizziness, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, dyspnea  
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Helicobacter pylori   Causative agent of stomach ulcers.  
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Hepatitis   An inflammatory disorder of the liver caused by a virus (hepatitis viruses A, B, and C); Hepatitis B is spread through body fluid contact, it can lead to either a chronic liver disease or death  
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Hepatitis A virus   Causative agent of infectious hepatitis; Fecal  
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Hepatitis B virus   Causative agent of serum hepatitis; Contaminated body fluids; Chronic or fatal, causing scarring and hardening of the liver, jaundice, liver cancer, or liver failure  
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Hepatitis C virus   Non  
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Herpes simplex 1 virus   Causative agent of cold cores; Oral or respiratory route; Cold sore lesion on mouth  
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Herpes simplex 2 virus   Causative agent of genital herpes; Sexually transmitted; Chronic painful blistering on genitals, flulike symptoms, fever, swollen glands  
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Hexachlorophene   Only available with a prescription, but it is an ingredient in several commercial embalming chemicals. About 450 times more effective as a germicide than phenol.  
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Histoplasma capsulatum   Causative agent of histoplasmosis (cave disease; spelunker's disease; Darling's disease; reticuloendothelial Cytomycosis)  
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Host   The organism from which a microorganism obtains nourishment.  
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Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)   Causative agent of AIDS; Sexually transmitted, sharing IV drug needles; Failure of immune system  
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Human papilloma virus (HPV)   Genital warts  
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Hyaluronidase   A bacterial enzyme that penetrates the body's connective tissues, permitting the easy spread of infection throughout the body.  
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Hydrophobia   An acute, neurotropic, infectious disease caused by a rhabdovirus known as the rabies virus  
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Hyphae   Long filamentous structures  
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Incineration   Reduction of waste to a more manageable quantity and form, ashes. Both the vegetative bacteria and the bacterial endospore are inactivated during incineration.  
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Infection   The state or condition in which the body or a part of the body is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects.  
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Influenza   Viral infections of the respiratory tract  
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Influenza virus   Causative agent of the flu; Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Fever, chills, headache, cough, sore throat, extreme fatigue  
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Insecticides   Kills insects.  
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Iodophore   Compound of iodine and a surfactant such as a detergent that can slowly release the free iodine.  
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Kaposi's sarcoma   A common skin and blood vessel cancer found in cases of HIV infection  
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Kingdom Monera   Prokaryotic Organisms  
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Klebsiella pneumoniae   Causative agent of nosocomial respiratory infections.  
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Kuru   A prion disease in isolated New Guinea tribes. Transmitted by contact with brain and tissue of dead victims, now declining as practices that led to this contact decline.  
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Larvicides   Kills larvae, which are the wormlike forms of newly hatched insects.  
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Legionella Pneumophilia   Causative agent of Legionnaire's disease.  
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Leptospira   Causative agent of leptospirosis.  
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Leptospira interrogans   Causative agent of leptospirosis.  
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Lipase   A bacterial enzyme that acts with the oils and fats secreted by the sebaceous glands allowing the bacteria to colonize in the skin.  
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Listeria monocytogenes   Causative agent of listeriosis.  
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Local Infection   Infection caused by germs lodging and multiplying at one point in a tissue and remaining there.  
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Lophotrichous   Bacterium has two or more flagella on either end of its cell  
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Lymphogranuloma venereum   Chlamydia trachomatis; Sexual contact; 75% of female and 50% of male cases are asymptomatic; blister appears on genitals, rupture and painlessly heal; enlargemant of regional lymph nodes with pus  
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Mad Cow disease   Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is commonly known as this  
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Malaria   A febrile disease of the blood characterized by chills and fever. It is caused by a protozoan and spread by Anopheles mosquito bite, which is a biological vector.  
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Mechanical Vector   A living organism or an object that is capable of transmitting infections by carrying the disease agent on its external body part or surface.  
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Meningitis   Inflammation of the membranes around the brain and the spinal cord  
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Meningitis in newborns   Ingestion of raw milk. Lethargy, jaundice, respiratory distress, shock, pneumonia, anorexia  
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meningoencephalitis   Inflamation of the brain and the membrane surrounding it  
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Microaerophilic organisms   Require little free oxygen (2% to 10%)  
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Microsporum   Jock itch (Tinea cruris)  
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Mixed infection   An infection caused by two or more organisms.  
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molds   Fungi that are filamentous and multicellular  
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Mononucleosis   An infectious inflammatory disease caused by the Epstein  
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Monotrichous   Bacterium has one flagellum  
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Mucosal leishmaniasis   Deadly flesh eating leishmania parasites. Can be deadly if spreads to face by obstruction of breathing and eating. Found in Asia, Europe and South America. Biological vector Sand Fly.  
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Mumps Virus   Causative agent of epidemic parotitis; Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Swelling of parotid salivary glands, fever, painful swallowing, orchitis, meningitis, pancreatitis, inflammation of ovaries  
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Mycobacterium avium   Causative agent of Mycobacterium Avium Complex.  
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis   Causative agent of tuberculosis.  
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae   Also known as primary atypical pneumonia  
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Mycoplasmas   Once thought to be viruses, these are actually the smallest free  
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Natural active immunity   Developing a disease and recovering from it.  
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Natural passive immunity   The result of placental transfer of antibodies in the uterus, or from the transfer of antibodies in the mother's first breast milk, which is known as colostrum.  
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Necrobiosis   The process by which the epithelial layer of the skin continuously dies, sloughs off, and is replaced with new cells.  
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae   Causative agent of gonorrhea.  
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Neisseria meningitidis   Causative agent of meningococcal meningitis.  
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Neurotropic diseases   Viral infections of the central nervous system  
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Noncommunicable diseases   Diseases that don't spread from one person to another.  
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Obligate (strict) aerobes   Can only live in the presence of oxygen because they need oxygen to metabolize sugars  
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Obligate (strict) anaerobes   Microbes that can only survive in an environment devoid of oxygen. i.e., Listeria, Clostridium botulinum, C. perfringens  
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oophoritis   Inflammation of the ovaries  
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Opportunist   An organism that exists as part of the normal flora but that can become pathogenic under certain conditions.  
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orchitis   Inflammation of the testicles  
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ornithosis   Also known as parrot fever or as ornithosis  
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Otitis Media   This infection is caused by bacterial contaminated water, eardrum puncture, or skull fracture resulting in ear ache caused by pus behind the ear drum  
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Pandemic diseases   Diseases affecting the majority of the population of a large region or are epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world.  
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Parrot fever   A respiratory disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci  
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Pathogen   A microorganism capable of producing disease.  
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Pathogenicity   The state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease.  
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Peritrichous   Bacterium has flagella distributed over its entire cell  
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Petechiae   Pinpoint bleeding.  
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Plasmodium malariae   Causative agent of malaria  
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Pneumocystis carinii   Causative agent of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) (pneumocystosis)  
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Poliovirus   Causative agent of poliomyelitis  
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Poliovirus   Poliomyelitis (polio); Fecal  
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Primary Infection   An original infection from which a second one originates.  
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Prokaryotes   No nucleus or any other membrane  
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Proteus Species   Causative agent of infections in burns.  
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Proteus vulgaris   Generalized decomposition  
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Protozoa   One  
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Pthirus pubis   crabs  
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Quaternary Ammonium Compounds   Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics that damage cellular membranes and denature microbial proteins. A group of disinfectants that are deactivated in the presence of soap and includes benzalkonium chloride.  
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Rabies virus   Causative agent of hydrophobia; Animal bite or inhalation of aerosolized virus; Encephalitis, inability to swallow, paralysis  
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Reservoir   The natural habitat of a disease  
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Resistance   The ability of an organism to defend itself against infection and disease; the sum total of body mechanisms that interpose barriers to the progress of invasion, multiplication of infectious agents, or damage by their toxic products.  
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Rickettsia   Short, nonmotile, gram  
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Rickettsia Rickettsii   Causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Reservoir. Rodents. Transmission. Tick bite.  
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Rickettsia Typhi   Causative agent of typhus fever. Reservoir. Rodents. Transmission. Flea bite.  
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Rocky Mountain spotted fever   A disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii  
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Rubella virus   Causative agent of German measles; Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Red spots and fever that can lead to encephalitis  
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Rubeola virus   Causative agent of measles; Inhalation of respiratory droplets; Red spots on face, trunk, and extremities that can lead to encephalitis; symptoms are more severe than in German measles  
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Salmonella Enteritidis   Causative agent of salmonellosis.  
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Salmonella enteritidis   Salmonella food poisoning (Salmonellosis)  
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Salmonella typhi   Causative agent of typhoid fever.  
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Scrubbing   Manual process by which microorganisms are removed from a surface.  
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Secondary Infection   Infection caused by a different organism than the one causing the primary infection.  
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Septicemia   Condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in blood; commonly known as blood poisoning.  
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)   A repiratory illness that has recently been reported in Asia, North America, and Europe  
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Sheep Scrapie   A disease of sheep and goats that causes them to rub sores on their bodies  
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Shigella species   Causative agent of bacillary dysentery.  
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Spongiform encephalopathies   A genetic disorder within families that results from a mutation of the normal prion protein in the brain  
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Sporadic diseases   Occuring occasionally or in scattered instances within a geographic region.  
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Sporicides   Agents that kill bacterial and mold spores, can also be used during the process of terminal disinfection of embalming instruments and equipment.  
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St. Vitus' dance   In approximately 10% of the cases of rheumatic fever, a condition known as Sydenham's chorea develops. Characterized by purposeless, involuntary movements during waking hours.  
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Steam under pressure   The most effective means of controlling microbial growth because pressure, temperature, and length of exposure can be controlled.  
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Sterilization   The process of completely removing or destroying all life  
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Straphylococcus aureus   Causative agent of toxic shock syndrome.  
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Streptococcus agalacitae   Causative agent of meningitis in newborns.  
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Streptococcus pneumoniae   Causative agent of otitis media (about 35% of cases)  
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Streptococcus pyogenes   Causative agent of scarlet fever.  
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Taxonomy   Seeks to organize living things into groups based on morphology, or genetics.  
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Thermal death point   Lowest temperature at which all microorganisms are killed in 10 minutes.  
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Thermal death time   Minimum time it takes to kill all microorganisms present.  
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Tincture   A solution of iodine and alcohol that is primarily used as an antiseptic. It does not kill endospores.  
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Toxemia   Blood distribution throughout the body of poisonous products of bacteria growing in a focal or local site, thus producing generalized symptoms.  
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Toxin   A poisonous substance of plant, animal, bacterial, or fungal origin.  
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Toxoplasma gondii   Causative agent of toxoplasmosis  
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Trachoma   A chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis that is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world  
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Treponema pallidum   Causative agent of syphilis.  
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Treponema pallidum   syphilis  
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Trichomonas vaginalis   Trichomoniasis  
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Trichophyton   Scalp ringworm (Tinea capitis)  
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True Pathogen   Real or genuine disease producing organism.  
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Trypanosoma brucei gambiense   Causative agent of West African sleeping sickness.  
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Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense   Causative agent of East African sleeping sickness  
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tsetse fly   A blood  
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Ultraviolet (UV) light   A form of nonionizing radiation that can effectively control the growth of microorganisms placed directly in its path.  
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Universal Precautions   Guidelines designed to protect workers with occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens.  
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Varicella   zoster virus  
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Variola virus   Causative agent of smallpox; Respiratory route; Characteristic pox lesions of the skin and organs  
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Vibrio Cholerae   Causative agent of cholera. The disease is characterized by a profuse and watery diarrhea.  
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Viremia   The presence of viruses in the blood.  
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Virucides   Kills viruses.  
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Virulence   Relative power and degree of pathogenicity possessed by organisms to produce disease  
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West Nile virus   West Nile encephalitis; Mosquito bite; Inflammation of nervous system  
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Yeasts   Fungi that are encapsulated and are unicellular  
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Yersinia Pestis   Causative agent of plague. Reservoir. Rodents. Transmission. Flea bites.  
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Zoonoses   Diseases that are communicable from animals or animal products.  
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