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biopsych ch5
breedlove
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 17B-estradiol or estradiol | the primary type of estrogen that is secreted by the ovary |
| adrenal cortex | the outer rind of the adrenal gland |
| adrenal gland | an endocrine gland atop the kidney |
| andrenocorticoids | adrenal steroids' a class of steroid hormones that are secreted by the adrenal cortex |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | a tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that controls the production and release of hormones of the adrenal cortex |
| aldosterone | a mineralocorticoid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, the induces the kidneys to conserve sodium ions |
| allomone | a chemical signal that is released outside the body by one species and affects the behavior of other species |
| amine hormones | monoamine hormones' a class of hormones, each composed of a single amino acid that has been modified into a related molecule, such as melatonin or epinephrine |
| androgens | a class of hormones that includes testosterone and other male hormones |
| androstenedione | the chief sex hormone secreted by the human adrenal cortex |
| anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis | the front division of the pituitary gland; secretes tropic hormones |
| arginine vasopressin (AVP) or vasopressin | antidiuretic hormone (ADH)' a peptide hormone from the posterior pituitary that promotes water conservation |
| autocrine | referring to a signal that is secreted bya cell into its environment and that feeds back to the same cell |
| autoradiography | a histological technique that show the distribution of radioactive chemical in tissues |
| castration | removal of gonads, usually the testes |
| corpora lutea | the structures formed from collapsed ovarian follicles subsequent to ovulation. The corpora lutea are a major source of progesterone |
| cortisol | a glucocorticoid stress hormone of the adrenal cortex |
| cretinism | congenital hypothyroidism' reduced stature and intellectual disability caused by thyroid deficiency during early development |
| Cushing's syndrome | a condition in which level of adrenal glucocorticoids are abnormally gigh |
| cyclic adenosine monphosphate (cyclic AMP, or cAMP) | a second messenger activated in target cells in response to synaptic or hormonal stimulation |
| cyclic guanosine monphosphate (cyclic GMP, or cGMP) | a second messenger activated in target cells in response to synaptic or hormonal stimulation |
| endocrine gland | a gland that secretes products into the bloodstream to acto on distant targets |
| endocrine | referring to glands that release chemicals to the interior of the body. These glands secrete the principal hormones |
| epinephrine or adrenaline | a compound that acts both as a hormone (secreted by the adrenal medulla under the control of the sympathetic nervous system) and as a synaptic transmitter |
| estrogens | a class of steroid hormones produces by female gonads |
| exocrine gland | a gland whose secretions exit the body via ducts |
| follicles | ovarian structures containing immature ova |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | a gonadotropin, named for its actions on ovarian follicles |
| glucocorticoids | a class of steroid hormones, released by the adrenal cortex, that affect carbohydrate metabolism and inflammation |
| goiter | a swelling of the thyroid gland resulting from iodine deficiency |
| gonadotropin | an anterior pituitary hormone that selectively stimulates the cells of the gonads to produce sex steroids and gamets |
| gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone (GnIH) | a hypothalamic peptide hormone that reduces gonadotropin secretion by inhibiting the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone | a hypothalamic hormone that controls the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary |
| gonads | the sexual organs (ovaries in females, testes in males) which produce gametes for reporduction |
| growth hormone (GH) | somatotropin, somatotropic hormone' a tropic hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary, that influences the growth of cells and tissues |
| hormone | a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland that is conveyed by the bloodstream and regulates target organs or tissues |
| hypophyseal portal system | a duplex system of capillaries spanning between the neurosecretoty cells of the hypothalamus and the sec retory tissue of the anterior pituitary |
| immunocytochemistry (ICC) | a method for detecting a particular protein in tissues in which an antibody recognizes and binds to the protein and then chamical methods are then used to leave a visible reaction product around each antibody |
| in situ hybridization | a method for detecting particular RNA transcripts in tissue sections by providing a nucleotide probe that is complementary to, and will therefore hybridize with, the transcript of interest |
| kisspeptin | a hypothalamic peptide hormone that increases gonadotropin secretion by facilitating the release of ggonadotropin-releasing hormone |
| knockout organism | an individual in which a particular gene has been disabled by an experimenter |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | a gonodotropin, named for its stimulatory effects on the ovarian corpora lutea |
| median eminence | midline feature on the base of the brain marking the point at which the infundibulum exits the hypothalamus to conncet to the pituitary. Contains elements of the hypophyseal portal system |
| melatonin | an amine hormone that is released by the pineal gland |
| milk letdown reflex | the reflexive release of milk in response to suckling, or to stimuli associated with suckling |
| mineralocorticoids | a class of steroid hormones, released by the adrenal cortex, that affect ion concentrations in body tissues |
| negative feedback | the property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce the effect of input signals |
| neurocrine | referring to secretoryt functions of neurons, especially pertaining to synaptic transmission |
| neuromodulator | a substance that influences the activity of synaptic transmitters |
| neuropeptide | peptide transmitter' a peptide that is used by neuron for signaling |
| neurosecretory cell or neuroendocrine cell | a neuron that releases hormones into local or systemic circulation |
| nongenomic effect | an effect of a steroid hormone that is not mediated by direct changes in gene expression |
| norepinephrine (NE) or noradrenaline | a neurotransmitter produced and released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons to accelerate organ activity |
| oral contraceptive | a birth control pill, typically consisting of steroid hormones to prevent ovulation |
| ovaries | the female gonads, which produce eggs for reproduction |
| oxytocin | a hormone, released from the posterior pituitary, that triggers milk letdown in the nursing female |
| paracrine | referring to cellular communication in which a chemical signal diffuses to nearby target cells through the intermediate extracellular space |
| pheromone | a chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species |
| phosphoinositides | a class of common second-messenger compounds in post-synaptic cells |
| pineal gland | a secretory gland in the brain midline; the source of melatonin release |
| pituitary gland or hypophysis | a small, complex endocrine gland located in a socket at the base of the skull |
| pituitary stalk or infundibulum | a thin piece of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus |
| posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis | the rear division of the pituitary gland |
| progesterone | the primary type of progestin secreted by the ovary |
| progestins | a major class of steroid hormones that are produced by the ovary, including progesterone |
| prolactin | a protein hormone, produced by the anterior pituitary, that promotes mammary development for lactation in femal mammals |
| protein hormones | peptide hormones' a class of hormones, molecules of which consist of a string of amino acids |
| psychosocial dwarfism | reduced stature caused by stress early in life that inhibits deep sleep |
| radioimmunoassay (RIA) | a technique that uses antibodies to measure the concentration of a substance, such as a hormone, in blood |
| receptor isoform | a version of a receptor protein with slight differences in structure that give it different functional properties. Conceptually similar to a receptor subtype |
| releasing hormones | a class of hormones, produced in the hypothalamus, that traverse the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system to control the pituitary's release of tropic hormones |
| second messenger | a slow-acting substance in a target cell that amplifies the effect of synaptic of hormonal activity and regulates activity within the target cell |
| sex steroids | steroid hormones secreted by the gonads: androgens, estrogens, and progestins |
| somatomedins | a group of proteins, released from the liver in response to growth hormone, that aid body growth and maintenance |
| steroid hormones | a class of hormones, each of which is composed of four interconnected rings of carbon atoms |
| steroid receptor cofactors proteins that affect the cell's response when a steroid hormone binds its receptor | |
| testes | the male gonads, which produce sperm and androgenic steroid hormones |
| testosterone | a hormone, produced by male gonads, that controls a variety of bodily changes that become visible at puberty |
| thyroid gland | an endocrine gland, located in the throat, that regulates cellular metabolism throughout the body |
| thyroid hormones | two hormones, triiodothyronine and thyroxine, released from the thyroid gland that have widespread effects, including growth and maintenance of the brain |
| thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) | a tropic hormone, released by the anterior pituitary gland, that signal the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones |
| thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) | a hypothalamic hormone that regulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary |
| transcription factor | a substance that binds to recognition sites on DNA and alters the rate of expression of particular genes |
| tropic hormones | a class of anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of other endocrine glands |
Created by:
laurilayne68
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