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biopsych ch4
breedlove
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acetylcholine (Ach) | a neurotransmitter produced and released by parasympathetic postganglionic neutons by motoneurons, and by neurons throughout the brain |
| adenosine | in the context of neural transmission, a neuromodulator that alters synaptic activity |
| agonist | a molecule, usually a drug, that binds a receptor molecule and initiates a response like that of another mmolecule, usually a neurotransmitter |
| allopregnanolone | naturally occurring steroid that modulates GABA receptor activity in much the same way the benzodiazepine anxiolytics do |
| amine neurotransmitter | a neurotransmitter based on modifications of a single amino acid nucleus. Ie: acetylcholine, serotonin, or dopamine |
| amino acid neutotransmitter | a neurotransmitter that is itself an amino acid. Ie: GABA, glycine, or glutamate |
| amphetamine | molecule that resembles the structure of the catecholamine transmitters and enhances their activity |
| analgesic | referring to painkilling properties |
| anandamide | an endogenous substance that binds the cannabinoid receptor molecule |
| antagonist | a molecule, usually a drug, that binds a receptor molecule and initiates a response like that of another mmolecule, usually a neurotransmitter |
| antidepressants | a class of drugs that relieve the symptoms of depression |
| antipsychotics | a class of drugs that alleviate schizophrenia |
| anxiolytics | a class of substances that are used to combat anxiety |
| aspartate | an amino acid transmitter that is excitatory at many synapses |
| atypical neuroleptics | class of anti-schizophrenic drugs that have actions other than the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the typical neuroleptics |
| autoreceptor | a receptor for a synaptic transmitter that is located in the presynaptic membrane and tells the axon terminal how much transmitter has been released |
| benzodiazepine agonists | a class of antianxiety drugs that bind to site on GABAA receptors |
| binding affinity | affinity' the propensity of molecules of a drug (or other ligand) to bind to receptors |
| bioavailable | referring to a substance, usually a drug, that is present in the body in a form that is able to interact with physiological mechanisms |
| biotransformation | the process in which enzymes convert a drug into a metabolite that is itself active, possibly in ways that are substantially different from the actions of the original substance |
| blood-brain barrier | the mechanisms that make the movement of substances from blood vessels into brain cells more difficult than exchanges in other body organs, thus affording the brain greater protection from exposure to some substances found in the blodd |
| caffeine | a stimulant compound found in coffee, cacao, and other plants |
| catecholamines | a class of monoamines that serve as neurotransmitters, including dopamine and norepinephrine |
| cholinergic | referring to cells that use acytylcholine as their synaptic transmitter |
| cocaine - and amphetamine- regulated transcript (CART) | a peptide produced in the brain when an animal is injected with either cocaine or amphetamine. It is also associated with the appetite control circuitry of the hypothalamus |
| cocaine | a drug of abuse, derived from the coca plant, that acts by potentiating catecholamine stimulation |
| co-localization | co-release' here, the appearance of more than one neurotransmitter in a given presynaptic terminal |
| competitive ligand | a substance that directly competes with the endogenous ligand for the same binding site on a receptor molecule |
| cross-tolerance | a condition in which the development of tolerance for one drug causes an individual to develop tolerance for another drug |
| cue-induces drug use | an increased likelihood to use a drug (especially an addictive drug) because of the presence of environmental stimuli that were present during previous use of the same drug |
| degradation | the chemical breakdown of a neurotransmitter into anactive metabolites |
| dependence | addiction' the strong desire to self-administer a drug of abuse |
| depressants | a class of drugs that act to reduce neural activity |
| dissociative drug | a type of drug that produces a dreamlike state in which consciousness is partly separated from sensory inputs. |
| dopamine (DA) | a monoamine transmitter found in the midbrain--especially the substantia nigra--and basal forebrain |
| dose-response curve (DRC) | a formal plot of a drug's effects (on the y-axis) versus the dose given (on the x-axis) |
| down-regulation | a compensatory decrease in receptor availability at the synapses of a neuron |
| dual depenence | dependence for emergent frug effects that occur only when two drugs are taken simultaeously |
| dynorphins | one of three kinds of endogenous opioids |
| dysphoria | unpleasant feelings; the opposite of euphoria |
| efficacy | intrisic activity' the extent to which a drug activates a response when it binds to a receptor |
| endocannabinoid | an endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors; thus, an analog of marijuana that is produced by the brain |
| endogenous opioids | a family of peptide transmitters that have been called the body's own narcotics. The three kinds are enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins |
| endogenous | produced inside the body |
| endorphins | one of three kinds of endogenous opioids |
| enkaphalins | one of three kinds of endogenous opioids |
| excitotoxicity | the property by which neurons die when overstimulated, as with large amounts of glutamate |
| exogenous | arising from outside the body |
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | a disorder, including intellectual disability and characteristic facial anomalies, that affects children exposed to too much alcohol (through maternal ingestion) during fetal development |
| functional tolerance | decreased responding to a drug after repeated exposures, generally as a consequence of up- or down-regulation of receptors |
| gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) | a widely distributed amino acid transmitter, and the main inhibitory transmitter in the mammalian nervous system |
| gas neurotransmitter | a soluble gas, such as nitric oxide or carbon monoxide, that is produced and released by a neuron to alter the functioning of another neuron |
| glutamate | an amino acid transmitter, the most common excitatory transmitter |
| glutamatergic | referring to cells that use glutamate as their synaptic transmitter |
| glycine | an amino acid transmitter, often inhibitory |
| hallucinogens | a class of drugs that alter sensory perception and produce peculiar experiences |
| heroin | diacetylmorphine; an artificially modified, very potent form of morphine |
| indoleamines | a class of monoamines that serve as neurotransmitters, including serotonin and melatonin |
| insula | a region of cortex lying below the surface, with the lateral sulcus, of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes |
| inverse agonist | a substance that binds to a receptor and causes it to do the opposite of what the naturally occurring transmitter does |
| ionotropic receptor | a receptor protein that includes an ion channel that is opened when the receptor is bound by an agonist |
| ketamine | a dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist |
| khat | qat' an african shrub that, when chewed, acts as a stimulant |
| ligand | a substance that binds to receptor molecules, such as those at the surface of the cell |
| local anesthitic | a drug, such as procaine or lidocaine, that blocks sodium channels to stop neural transmission in pain fibers |
| locus coeruleus | "blue spot" a small nucleus in the brainstem whose neurons produce norepinephrine and modulate large areas of the forebrain |
| LSD | acid' lysergic acid diethylamide, a hallucinogenic drug |
| marijuana | a dried preparation of the Cannibis sativa plant, usually to smoked to obtain THC. |
| MDMA | ecstasy' drug of abuse, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine |
| mesolimbocortical pathway | set of dopaminergic axons arising in the midbrain and innervating the limbic system and cortex |
| mesostriatal pathway | set of dopaminergic axons arising from the midbrain and innervating the basal ganglia, including those from the substantia nigra to the striatum |
| metabolic tolerance | the form of drug tolerance that arises when repeated exposure to the drug causes the metabolic machinery of the body to become more efficient at clearing the drug |
| metabotropic receptor | a receptor protein that does not contain an ion channel but may, when activated, use a G protein system to open a nearby ion channel |
| modulatory site | a portion of a receptor that, when bound by a compound, alters the receptor's response to its transmitter |
| monoamine oxidase (MAO) | an enzyme that breaks down and thereby inactivates monoamine transmitters |
| morphine | an opiate compound derived from the poppy flower |
| muscarinic | referring to cholinergic receptors that respond to the chemical muscarine as well as to acetylcholine |
| neurochemistry | the branch of neuroscience concerned with the fundamental chemical composition and processes of the nervous system |
| neuroleptics | class of antipsychotic drugs, traditionally dopamine receptor blockers |
| neuromodulator | a substance that influences the activity of synaptic transmitters |
| neuropharmacology | psychopharmacology' the scientific field concerned with the discovery and study of compounds that selectively affect the functioning of the nervous system |
| neurosteroids | steroids produced in the brain |
| nicotine | a compound found in plants, including tobacco, that acts as an agonist on a large class of cholinerginic receptors |
| nicotinic | referring to cholinergic receptors that respond to nicotine as well as to acetylcholine |
| nitric oxide (NO) | a soluble gas that serves as a retrograde gas neurotransmitter in the nervous system |
| noncompetitive ligand | ` a drug that affects a transmitter receptor while binding at a site other than that bounmd by the endegenous liquid |
| noradrenergic | referring to systems using norepinephrine (noradrenaline) as a transmitter |
| norepinephrine (NE) | noradrenaline' a neurotransmitter produced and released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons to accelerate organ activity. Also produced in the brainstem and found in projections throughout the brain |
| nucleus accumbens | a region of the forebrain that receives dopaminergic innervation from the ventral tegmental area |
| opioid peptide | a type of endogenous peptide that mimics the effects of morphine in binding to opioid receptors and producinhg marked analgesia and reward |
| opioid receptor | a receptor that responds to endogenous and/or exogenous opiates |
| opium | a heterogeneous extract of the seedpod juice of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum |
| orphan receptor | any receptor for which no endogenous ligand has yet been discovered |
| partial agonist or partial antagonist | a drug that, when bound to a receptor, has less effect than the endogenous ligand would |
| peptide neurotransmitter (neuropeptide) | a neurotransmitter consisting of a short chain of amino acids |
| periaqueductal gray | the neuronal body-rich region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles; involved in pain perception |
| pharmacodynamics | collective name for the factors that affect the relationship between a drug and it target receptors, such as affinity and efficacy |
| pharmacokinetics | collective name for all the factors that affect the movement of a drug into, through, and out of the body |
| phencyclidine (PCP) | angel dust' an anesthetic agent that is also a psychedelic drug |
| raphe nuclei | a string of nuclei in the midline of the midbrain and brainstem that contain most of the serotonergic neurons of the brain |
| receptor subtype | any type of receptor having functional characteristics that distinguish it from other types of receptors for the same neuraltransmitter |
| receptor | receptor molecule' a protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a neurotransmitter or hormone |
| retrograde transmitter | a neurotransmitter that diffuses from the postsynaptic neuron back to the presynaptic neuron |
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) | a drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at sertonergic synapses |
| sensitization | a process in which the body shows an enhanced response to a given drug after repeated doses |
| serotonergic | referring to neurons that use sertonin as their synaptic transmitter |
| serotonin (5-HT) | a synaptic transmitter that is produced in the raphe nuclei and is active in structures throught the cerebral hemispheres |
| striatum | the caudate nucleus and putamen together |
| substance abuse | a maladaptive pattern of substance use that has laster more than a month but does not fully meet the criteria for dependence |
| substantia nigra | black spot' a group of pigmented neurons in the midbrain that provides dopaminergic progections to areas of the forebrain, especially the basal ganglia |
| 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) | the major active ingredient in marijuana |
| tolerance | a condition in which, with repeated exposure to a drug, an individual becomes less responsive to a constant dose |
| transporters | specialized receptors in the presynaptic membrane that recognize neurotransmiiter molecules and return to the presynaptic neuron for reuse |
| tricyclic antidepressants | a class of drugs that act by increading the synaptic accumulation of serotonin and norepinephrine |
| typical neuroleptics | a major class of antischizophrenic drugs that share antagonist activity at dopmine D2 receptors |
| up-regulation | a compensatory increase in receptor availability at the synapse of a neuron |
| ventral tegmental area (VTA) | a portion of the midbrain that projects dopaminergic fibers to the nucleus accumbens |
| withdrawal symptom | an uncomfortable symptom that arises when a person stops taking a drug that he or she has uded frequently, especially at high doses |
Created by:
laurilayne68
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