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AP Psych Chapter 8
Learning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience | learning |
| Learning that certain events occur together, such as two stimuli, or a response and its consequence | associative learning |
| a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli | classical conditioning |
| the view that psychology should be an objective science that empirically studies behavior without noting mental processes | behaviorism |
| unlearned, naturally conditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus | unconditioned response |
| a stimulus that automatically triggers a natural response | unconditioned stimulus |
| the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus | conditioned response |
| elicits a response only after it is associated with an unconditioned stimulus | conditioned stimulus |
| the initial stage in classical conditioning where a conditioned response is learned | Acquisition |
| the diminishing of a conditioned response | extinction |
| the reappearance of a conditional response after a period of extinction | spontaneous recovery |
| the tendency for stimuli similar to the original stimulus to elicit the conditioned response | generalization |
| the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. | discrimination |
| learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punishment | operant conditioning |
| behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus. Skinner's name for classical conditioning. | respondent behavior |
| behavior that operates on the environment to produce a reward or a punishment | operant behavior |
| contains a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain rewards, and a device to measure the responses | Skinner box |
| using reinforcers to guide behavior towards a goal in increments | shaping |
| anything that strengthens the behavior it follows | reinforcer |
| a stimulus that strengthens a response when presented after it | positive reinforcement |
| an aversive stimulus that strengthens a response when it is removed when the response occurs | negative reinforcement |
| a reinforcer that directly satisfies a biological need | primary reinforcer |
| a stimulus that derives it's reinforcing power from association with a primary reinforcer (the same as a conditioned reinforcer) | secondary reinforcer |
| reinforcing a response on only some of it's occurrences, and results in slower initial acquisition, but higher resistance to extinction | partial reinforcement |
| reinforcing a response on all of it's occurrences | continuous reinforcement |
| a stimulus that derives it's reinforcing power from association with a primary reinforcer (the same as a secondary reinforcer) | conditioned reinforcer |
| reinforces a response after a specific number of responses | fixed-ratio |
| reinforces a response after a random number of responses | variable-ratio |
| reinforces a response after a specified period of time has elapsed | fixed-interval |
| reinforces a response after a random amount of time has elapsed | variable-interval |
| decreases the behavior it follows | punishment |
| a mental representation of a physical environment | cognitive map |
| learning that is not demonstrated until incentives are offered for it's demonstration | latent learning |
| learning by observing others | observational learning |
| the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior | modeling |
| positive, constructive, and helpful to society, the opposite of antisocial behavior | prosocial behavior |
| the principle that rewarded behavior will probably reoccur | law of effect |
| an internal desire to perform a behavior for it's own sake | intrinsic motivation |
| a desire to perform a behavior to avoid punishments or to produce rewards | extrinsic motivation |
| neurons in the frontal lobe that fire when observing the actions of another person, and enable learning and empathy | mirror neurons |
| An object used by Bandura to demonstrate the effects of modeling and observational learning | bobo doll |
| therapy using an aversive stimulus to discourage a negative behavior | aversion therapy |
| gradually reducing an individual's aversion to a stimulus | systematic desensitization |
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