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AP Psychology Unit 3
AP Psychology vocabulary for Unit 3 at RCHS
| Question | Answer | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Underestimating situational influences when evaluating the behavior of someone else. | Fundamental Attribution Error | Ex. He swerved into my lane because he is a jerk. |
| People usually attribute others' behavior to either their internal dispositions or their external situations. | Attribution Theory | N/A |
| Attributing others' behaviors to disposition but your own behaviors (even the same behaviors) to situational factors. | Actor-Observer Bias | He swerved into my lane because he is a jerk, but I swerved into the next lane because I was trying to avoid an animal in the road. |
| Crediting your own success to disposition, but attributing your own failures to situation. | Self-Serving Bias | Ex. I won the game because I'm talented. I failed the test because the questions were unfair. |
| The discomfort caused by holding two contradictory beliefs or performing an action contradictory to our beliefs. This theory states that we are motivated to reduce this uncomfortable feeling by changing our beliefs to match our actions. | Cognitive Dissonance | Ex. Asch Conformity study |
| The tendency for people who agree to a small request to comply later with a larger one. | Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon | Ex. People's Temple, Korean war communists, cheating |
| Subjects who play a role often begin to "become" the role. | Role playing | Ex. Zimbardo's prison study |
| The tendency to find something more attractive if you have to work hard to achieve it. | Effort Justification | Ex. Aronson and Mill's "Sexual behavior in animals" study |
| Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. | Conformity | Ex. Asch Conformity study |
| Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. | Normative social influence | Ex. Clapping when others clap and other social norms |
| Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. | Informational social influence | Ex. Robert Baron's police lineup study |
| Persuasion in which the person ponders the content and logic of message. | Central Route | Ex. Buying a car because it gets good gas mileage |
| Persuasion in which the individual is encouraged to not look at the content of the message, but at the source. | Peripheral Route | Ex. Credibility of the source or music played with an ad |
| The presence of others enhance performance at a well-rehearsed or easy skill. | Social Facilitation | Ex. Races, speech |
| The presence of others diminishes performance due to diffusion of responsibility. | Social Loafing | Ex. Group project |
| The presence of others makes one act in unrestrained ways. | Deindividuation | Ex. Fans at tailgates/sports events |
| Group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction. | Group Polarization | Ex. Extreme Republicans and Democrats |
| Members of a group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision. | Groupthink | Ex. Bay of Pigs fiasco |
| When a person's beliefs about others (or themselves) leads one to act in ways that appear to confirm the belief. | Self-Fulfilling prophecy | Ex. Substitute teachers, parenting |
| The theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. | Scapegoat Theory | Ex. The Nazis need someone to blame, "If the Jew did not exist, we should have to invent him" |
| The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. | Just-World phenomenon | Ex. Believing Jews deserved the Holocaust |
| The principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression. | Frustration-aggression principle | Ex. Frustration at an aggressive cue, such as a gun, can cause anger and aggression |
| A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. | Social Trap | Ex. The M&M vs Bag game, trucking game |
| The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. | Mere Exposure effect | Ex. Our face in the mirror, attractive girl in class experiment |
| An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. | Passionate love | Ex. A new relationship |
| The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. | Companionate love | Ex. A successful marriage |
| A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. | Equity | Ex. Shared decision-making |
| Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. | Self-Disclosure | Ex. Dreams, proud and shameful moments |
| Unselfish regard for he welfare of others. | Altruism | Ex. James Harrison's death while searching for survivors in the fire after the 1999 plane crash |
| The presence of others decreases the likelihood that we will respond, primarily because we do not take responsibility and assume someone else will do it. | Bystander Effect | Ex. Kitty Genovese murder, epileptic seizure experiment |
| The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. | Social Exchange theory | Ex. Donating blood for reduced guilt |
| The social expectation that people will respond to each other in kind - returning benefits for benefits and responding with either indifference or hostility to harm. | Reciprocity Norm | Ex. Let someone borrow your pen and they will let you borrow their pen when you need it |
| Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. | Superordinate Goals | Ex. Sherif's boy scout study |
| A strategy designed to decrease international tensions. | GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction) | Ex. Ending the Cold War, establishing 1993 atmospheric test-ban treaty |
| The presence of others diminishes performance at difficult tasks. | Social Inhibition | Ex. Tests you don't study for |
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