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PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 5 - Sensation and Perception
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| visual agnosia | a condition in which an individual can see objects and identify their features but cannot recognize the objects |
| prosopagnosia | a condition in which an individual can recognize details in feces but cannot recognize faces as a whole |
| sensation | the process that detects stimuli from the body or surroundings |
| perception | the process that organizes sensations into meaningful patterns |
| sensory receptors | specialized cells that detect stimuli and convert their energy into neural impulses |
| sensory transduction | the process by which sensory receptors convert stimuli into neural impulses |
| psychophysics | the study of the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the conscious psychological experiences that are associated with them |
| absolute threshold | the minimum amount of stimulation that an individual can detect through a given sense |
| signal-detection theory | the theory holding that the detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical and psychological state of the individual |
| subliminal perception | the unconscious perception of stimuli that are too weak to exceed the absolute threshold for detection |
| difference threshold | the minimum amount of change in stimulation that can be detected |
| just noticeable difference (jnd) | weber and fechner's term for the difference threshold |
| weber's law | the principle that the amount of change in stimulation needed to produce a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the original stimulus |
| sensory adaption | the tendency of the sensory receptors to respond less and less to a constant stimulus |
| vision | the sense that detects objects by the light reflected from them into the eyes |
| visible spectrum | the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we commonly call light |
| sclera | the tough, white, outer membrane of the eye |
| cornea | the round, transparent area in the front of the sclera that allows light to enter the eye |
| iris | the donut-shaped band of muscles behind the cornea that gives the eye its color and controls the size of the pupils |
| pupil | the opening of the center of the iris that controls how much light enters the eye |
| lens | the transparent structure behind the pupil that focuses light onto the retina |
| retina | the light-sensitive inner membrane of the eye that contains the receptor cells for vision |
| accommodation | the process by which the lens of the eye increases its curvature to focus light from close objects or decreases its curvature to focus light from more distant objects |
| myopia | visual nearsightedness, which is caused by an elongated eyeball |
| hyperopia | visual farsightedness, which is caused by a shortened eyeball |
| rods | recptor cells of the retina that play an important role in night vision and peripheral vision |
| cones | receptor cells of the retina that play an important role in daylight vision and color vision |
| optic nerve | the nerve, formed from the axons of ganglion cells, that carries visual impulses from the retina to the brain |
| fovea | a small area at the center of the retina that contains only cones and provides the most acute vision |
| smooth pursuit movements | eye movements controlled by the ocular muscles that keep objects focused on the fovea |
| optic chaism | the point under the frontal lobes at whiche some axons from each of the optic nerves cross over to the opposite side of the brain |
| visual cortex | the area of the occipital lobes that processes visual input |
| photopigments | chemicals, including rhodopsin and iodopsin, that enable the rods and cones to generate neural impulses |
| dark adaptation | the process by which the eye become more sensitive to light when under low illumination |
| trichromatic theory | the theory that color vision depends on the relative degree of stimulation of red, green and blue receptors |
| opponent-process theory | the theory that color vision depends on red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white opponent processes in the brain |
| afterimage | an image that persists after the removal of a visual stimulus |
| color blindness | the inability to distinguish between certain colors, most often red and green |
| figure-ground perception | the distinguishing of an object (the figure) from its surroundings (the ground) |
| feature-detector theory | the theory that we construct perceptions of stimuli from activity in neurons of the brain that are sensitive to specific features of those stimuli |
| illusory contours | the perception of nonexistent contours as if they were the edges of real objects |
| depth perception | the perception of the relative distance of objects |
| binocular cues | depth perception cues that require input from the two eyes |
| monocular cues | depth perception cues that require input from only one eye |
| size constancy | the perceptual process that makes an object appear to remain the same size despite changes in the size of the image it casts on the retina |
| shape consistancy | the perceptual process that makes an object appear to maintain its normal shape regardless of the angle from which it is viewed |
| brightness constancy | the perceptual process that makes an object maintain a particular level of brightness despite changes in the amount of light reflected from it |
| visual illusion | a misperception of physical reality usually caused by the misapplication of visual cues |
| moon illusion | the misperception that the moon is larger when it is at the horizon than when it is overhead |
| audition | the sense of hearing |
| tympanic membrane | the eardrum; a membrane separating the outer ear from the middle ear that vibrates in response to sound waves that strike it |
| cochlea | the spiral, fluid-filled structure of the inner ear that contains the receptor cells for hearing |
| basilar membrane | a membrane running the length of the cochlea that contains the auditory receptor (hair) cells |
| auditory nerve | the nerve that conducts impulses from the coclea to the brain |
| auditory cortex | the area of the temporal lobes that processes sounds |
| pitch perception | the subjective experience of the highness or lowness of a sound, which corresponds most closely to the frequency of the sound waves that compose it |
| place theory | the theory of pitch perception that assumes that hair cells at particular points on the basilar membrane are maximally responsive to sound waves of particular frequencies |
| frequency theory | the theory of pitch perception that assumes that the basilar membrane vibrates as a whole in direct proportion to the frequency of the sound waves striking the eardrum |
| volley theory | the theory of pitch perception that assumes that sound waves of particular frequencies induce auditory neurons to fire in volleys, with one volley following another |
| loudness perception | the subjective experience of the intensity of a sound, which corresponds most closely to the amplitued of the sound waves composing it |
| conduction deafness | hearing loss usually caused by blockage of the auditory canal, damange to the eardrum, or deterioration of the ossicles of the middle ear |
| nerve deafness | hearing loss caused by damage to the hair cells of the basilar membrane, the axons of the auditory nerve, or the neurons of the auditory cortex |
| timbre | the subjective experience that identifies a particular sound and corresponds most closely to the mixture of sound waves composing it |
| sound localization | the process by which the individual determines the location of a sound |
| olfaction | the sense of smell, which detects molecules carried in the air |
| pheromone | an odorous chemical secreted by an animal that affects the behavior of other animals |
| gustation | the sense of taste, which detects molecules of substances dissolved in the saliva |
| taste buds | structures lining the grooves of the tongue that contain the taste receptor cells |
| skin senses | the senses of touch, temperature, and pain |
| somatosensory cortex | the area of the parietal lobes that processes information from sensory receptors in the skin |
| gate-control theory | the theory that pain impulses can be blocked by the closing of a neuronal gate in the spinal cord |
| placebo | an inactive substance that might induce some of the effects of the drug for which it has been substituted |
| acupuncture | a pain-relieving technique that relies on the insertion of fine needles into various sites on the body |
| transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) | the use of electrical stimulation of sites on the body to provide pain relief, apparently by stimulating the release of endorphins |
| kinesthetic sense | the sense that provides information about the position of the joints, the degreeof tension in the muscles, and the movement of the arms and legs |
| vestibular sense | the sense that provides information about the head's position in space and helps in the maintenance of balance |
| otolith organs | the vestibular organs that detect horizontal or vertical linear movement of the head |
| semicirucular canals | the curved vestibular organs of the inner ear that detect rotary movements of the head in any direction |
| extrasensory perception (ESP) | the alleged ability to perceive events without the use of sensory receptors |
| parapsychology | the study of extrasensory perception, psychokinesis, and related phenomena |
| mental telepathy | the alleged ability to percieve the thoughts of others |
| clairvoyance | the alleged ability to perceive objects or events without any sensory contact with them |
| precognition | the alleged ability to perceive events in the future |
| deja vu | a feeling that you have experienced a present situation in the past and that you can anticipate what will happen next |
| psychokinesis (PK) | the alleged abiltiy to control objects with the mind alone |
Created by:
Jessica C
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