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Anatomy USA

QuestionAnswer
Name the three types of Cartilage? Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
HYALINE CARTILAGE FIbers Cells Location IMPORTANT/Common, large abundance! FIBERS: Type II collagen- fine network... Cells: chondrocytes... Locations? 1) costal cart 2) Articular Cart of most jts except TMJ 3) epi growth plate 4) trachea 5) skeleton larynx 6) nasal septum
Junctional Complex What is it? 3 Parts? Describe Each... What holds SKIN cell membranes 2gether/resists external forces trying to pulling apart! 1)Zonula Occludens: TIGHT Jnx- "Fusion" of membs 2)Zonula Adherens: Adhesion=Membs GLUED by glycoprotien 3)Macula Adherens/Desmosome: SUTURED together! Tonofilame
THE SKIN Functions 3 Layers (explain) Fnxs: Sensory reception, reg. body temp, prevents fluidloss, absorbs UV light for Vit. D! 1)EPIDERMIS:most superf, st.sq. kerat. cutan. epi. 2)DERMIS:paplry layer of l.c.t. lies superficial to retic layer of d.c.t. 3)SUBCUTNOUS:DEEP,l.c.t., elast. fib&
EPIDERMIS Cells? (melanie likes Merkel) Avascular&Aneuro(no blood/nerve supply) mainly epi. cells->1)KERATINOCYTES(prod Keratin) Intracellular space=h20 barri prevent fluidloss 2)MELANOCYTES- tone/color of skin 3)LAHERNGANS-immun. resp.(alleg.rxn) 4)MERKEL CELLS-Mechanoreceptors-cut. sensa
5 LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS (superficial to deep) 1) STRATUM CORNEUM 2) STRATUM LUCIDIUM 3) STRATUM GRANULOSM 4) STRATUM SPINOSUM 5) STRATUM BASALE
STRATUM CORNEUM OF EPIDERMIS most superficial layer, filled with Keratin, has no nuclei or organelles and has a thick cell membrane!
STRATUM LUCIDIUM OF EPIDERMIS 2nd layer down, cells here fill with Keratin from st. granulosum, lose their nuclei and organelles and their plasma membrane thickens (leading to all characteristics of stratum corneum bc it travels UP^)
STRATUM GRANULOSUM OF EPIDERMIS these cells are flattened and accumulate large #'s of Keratohyalin granules, gained from the next layer down the stratum spinosum!
STRATUM SPINOSUM OF EPIDERMIS cells here are pushed ^ from the deepest layer, st. basale which is always pushing old cells upwards--the cells here are round Keratinocytes that produce Keratohyalin Granules that begin to fill the cells and tonofilaments&bundle to form tonofibrils!
STRATUM BASALE OF EPIDERMIS deepest single layer, thin..cells include keratinocytes. melanocytes, lahergans, and merkels! continuous source of new cells giving rise to upper 4 layers!
DERMIS layer of SKIN 2 Layers (describe) dense conn. IRREG tissue! bad burns=destroyed incl. nerves. *SLIDES on subcut. tissue! 1)Papillary layer: l.c.t.- adj. to epid. 2)Reticular layer:dense,fibrous conn. tissue, contains: BVs, nerves, sweat & sebaceous (oil) glands, sensory receps&hair fll
NERVES of the DERMIS LAYER May: 1) End @ sensory recepts or 2) innervate smooth muscle assoc. w/BVs, hair fllcs, & sweatglands *Nerves ending in DERMIS terminate as non capsulated free nerve endings OR: Encapsulated: 1)Meissner Corpuscles 2)Pacinian Corp or 3)Ruffini Endings
WHAT TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS ARE: 1) Free Nerve Endings (non-capsulated) 2)Meissner Corpuscles (caps) 3)Pacini Corpuscles (caps) 4)Ruffini Endings (caps) FNEndings: PAIN, TEMP & TACTILE Meissner: TACTILE, also low freq. vibrations Pacinian: pressoreceptors important in tactile & vibration sensation Ruffini: tactile attached to collagen & provide info on skin deformation
SUBCUTANEOUS layer of SKIN purpose? explain! deepest layer, allows sking to MOVE! superfic. to undrlyng fascia, muscle&bone loosly arrngd clgen&elast fibers, fatcells, nerves&BVs Clgen few in mobile areas/ abundant where skins firmly attached to underlyin tissue IF tight- skins tight, jts stiff!
BURNS Degrees 1 & 2 1st Degree: Localized. Epidermis ONLY! Slight Edema, PAINFUL 2nd Degree: 1)Superficial Dermal Burn=epi & upper dermis dmgd, edema, blister, very painful 2)Deep dermal burn=epi &full dermis dmgd, edema, blister, may/mayNOT hurt (sunburn w.blisters)
BURNS Degrees 3 & 4 3rd Degree: Epi, Dermis && Subcutaneous dmgd, extensive fluidloss, prone to infection, pain FREE 4th Degree: epi, dermis, subcutaneous, AND muscle and/or bone! area is BLACK, lotsa fluidloss, infection, painless unless on periosteum!
DECUBITUS ULCERS Stages 1-4 1)epid wound,edges irreg.,area warm,slight edema,PAINFUL 2)thru epi&dermis,shallow ulcer,PAINFUL 3)Full thru epi,dermis& subcut, MUSCLE EXPOSED, deep-drainy ulcer,foul odor!, painLESS 4)epi,dermis,subcut,muscle&bone exp., lrg, openwound, drainy, painLE
QUESTIONS: 1)What type of Epidermis is needed w/ Skin Grafts to ensure regeneration? 2)What strx's of Dermis are damages w/ 3rd Degree Burns? (not layers) 3)Diff. btw 3rd deg Burn and 2nd Stage Ulcer? 1)Stratum Basale! regenerates constantly! 2)Nerves, Sweat & Sebaceous glands, BV's, receptors & hair follicles 3) 3rd deg burn= epi, dermis & subcut (so its deeper!) & painless 2nd stage ulcer=epi and dermis only (more superficial) & PAINFUL
QUESTIONS: In what degree of burn and stage of ulcer is wound site painLESS? WHY? Name 3 structures that consist of Dense Regular Connective Tissue? Difference btw loose reg. connective tissue & dense IRRegular connective tissue? Burn=3rd&4th deg painless, nerves compromised (dermis and subcut dstryd&&nerve endings) Ulcer= 3rd&4th stage painless (same rsns) Tendons, Ligs, Fascia, Aponeuroses LR=FEW l.c.fibers,lotsa G.Sub, allows mobility DI=d.c.fibers,little G.sub,limit mo
QUESTIONS: What is the composition of Ligamentum Flavum? What type of Cartilage is found in each strx: 1)Articular Cartilage 2)Epiglottis 3)Vertebral Disc 4)Knee Meniscus 5)Epiphyseal Growth Plate Abundance of elastic fibers interwoven among type I collagen fibers (found in elastic conn. tissue) 1)Hyaline Cartilage, minus TMJ (Fibrocartilage) 2)Elastic! 3)Fibrocartilage! 4)Fibrocartilage! 5)Hyaline Cartilage!
QUESTIONS: Difference btw Hyaline and Fibrocartilage? What do Hyaline and Fibrocartilage have in Common?? H= fine packed; F= dense packed H=Type II F= Type I&type II H=cstl cart, art cart, epi gwth plt, trachea, larynx skeleton, nasal septum F=menisci, jts and discs, art cart of TMJ Chonrocytes for cells,both located in art. cart., both have type II coll
3 Types of CONNECTIVE TISSUES (really 4) CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER CARTILAGE BONE (blood)
Primary component of Connective Tissue Fibers? ((Explain Molecules)) COLLAGEN! Fibers formed from Tropocollagen Molecues- consisting of 3 polypeptide chains called Alpha units wound abt eachother in triple Helix... packed end to end & side to side to form= Collagen Fibrils!
TYPES OF COLLAGEN! TYPE I & TYPE II Explain how they differ in composition, location and function! TYPE I: Primary, rope-like, in dermis, tendons & ligs, fibrocartilage, bone & fascia Fnx: to resist tension and stretching Type II: in Hyaline and Elastic cartilage Fnx: to resist tensile strain occurring when cartilage is compressed
TYPES OF COLLAGEN TYPE III, IV, and V composition, location and functions III:conn.tissue of organs(liver spleen lungs intest. BVs muscle & periph nerves) Fnx: strx support of ^&*WOUND CLOSURE1st to repair**delicate,lotsa branches IV:bsemnt memb of epith, external lamina of muscles & in axons of neurons, suport strxs as a FILT
COLLAGEN CONT... TYPE V comp., location and fnx found in basale lamina of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, schwann and glia cells.. Fnx: support system!!
Reticular Vs. Elastic Fibers (in connective tissue proper) R=Type III clgn-thin& delicate & form lace-like fibrous networks on smooth muscles- sarcol. of striated muscle & endoneurium of periph nerves! E-Type I mostly,some amts n conn. tiss, specific ELASTINprotien.ALOT in some ligs, lrg arteries,trachea&dermis
ELASTIC CARTILAGE Location, Fibers, Cells BENDIEST! Locations: THINK E!! Auricle of EAR, EPIGLOTTIS, EUSTACHIAN Tube, EXT. Auditory Canal!) Fibers:Abundance of densley packed elastic fibes interwoven among type II Collagen Cells: Chondrocytes (always with Cartilage)
Connective Tissue Proper CELLS Primary type? explain FIBROBLASTS: primary- long spindle shaped, produce collagen & elastic fibers, GAGS, and proteoglycans of G. Substance..only found in fibrous conn. tissue surrounding cartilage and bone! Tissue covering cartilage= perichondrium/ covering bones= perioste
2 of 4 other types of CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER CELLS 1)Myofibroblasts:props of fibroblsts and smooth muscle cells. produce collagen, contain myofilaments, LOTS at inflamatory sites & help close WOUNDS 2)Macrophages:phagocytic;digestion &removal of foreign material &cllular debris;bodies defense system!
2 Last Types of CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER CELLS second has 6 important substances Plasma Cells:l.c.t. of digest&resp. tracts, produce antibodies in immune system Mast Cells:granular cells n l.c.t., around small BVs! detect antigens&trigger local inflmatory response Heparin, Histamine, Serotonin, Anaphylaxis, Eosinophil, various enzym
NEUROPHILS BASOPHILS Functions? WBC's in conn. tissue. Originate in bone marrow, reside in Blood. N=travel to invade inflammed areas-1st defense mech against infection B= leaves blood and migrates to area of inflammation, relseases Heparin/Histamine to aide(like Mast Cells)
THREE TYPES OF JOINTS FIBROUS, CARTILAGINOUS, SYNOVIAL
FIBROUS JOINT Describe 2 Types? Synathrosis Joint: because 1) mating bones interconnected by fibrous tissue 2)no jt cavity 3)absent/little mvmnt 1)Sutures:union of 2 intrdgtating bones my fibrous layer(skull) Synostosis=bony fusion of sutures 2)Syndesmoses:2 bones conn. by ligam. t
CARTILAGINOUS JOINT Describe 2 Types? Synarthrotic jt.(mating bones intrcnnctd by cartilage/no jt cav./little mvmnt) 1)Symphysis:unites 2 bones by disc of fibrocartilage(pubic) 2)Synchondroses:2 bones untited by reg. of hyaline cart.(epi. growth plate)
SYNOVIAL JOINT 4 characteristics 6 types 1) joint space 2)synovial membrane lining/lubrication and nutrition 3)fibrous joint capsule 4) thin layer of art. cart. *hyaline plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, ball and socket, saddle
Examples of 6 synovial joint Hinge-humerus and ulna Pivot-Atlas and Axis Condyloid- radiocarpal Saddle- thumb with trapezium or SC joint Ball&Socket- ball agnst cup- glenohumeral or hip jt
8 Characteristics of Surface EPITHELIUM (first 4) 1)covers all surfaces w/exception to joint surfaces (externally-as skin, internally-lining bv's, resp. passageways, stom./intestines & ducts of secretory glands of organs & glands) 2)Avascular & 3)Anuero 4)single or multiple layers of closely atchd cell
8 Characteristics of Surface EPITHELIUM (last 4) 5)free surface-cells contact air/fluids/digest.chems,may have cilia 6)Lies on a conn tissue floor called Basal Lamina, part of basement membrane 7)GROWS& REGENERATES (happens in Stratum Basale) 8)derived embyrologically from ectoderm, mesoderm, endoder
LEUKOCYTES LYMPHOCYTES ADIPOCYTES functions? Leuko= IMMUNE SYSTEM DEFENSE Lympho=agranular wbc's involved in immune sys. defense, common in l.c.t., but high #'s in digestive tract Adip=primarily in l.c.t.--> STORE LIPIDS & FATS
GROUND SUBSTANCE in Connective Tissue consists of? WATER, PROTEOGLYCANS, GAGS (glyoaminoglycans) GAGS=hydrophillic- draw in water- forms a NON-resistive complex that maintains STRUCTURAL arrangment of conn. tissue by interacting with collagen fibers- produces stiffnes to cartilage and NUTRITION to cart!
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Type 1 of Connective Tissue Proper MAINLY COLLAGEN FIB!Few Fibs(collagn,retic & elastic) Lots of G. Subs "moving" conn tissue (allows you to move) Srnds Nerve, arteries, bv's-allows mvmt&enlarging Loc: superfic fascia,subcut.,epimysium, pap.layer/dermis,neurovas bndls Cells: TONS of ty
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE Type 2 of Conn. Tissue Proper Many dense packed coll. bundles, randm directs& some elastic fibs MOTION IN MULT. DIRECTs Cells:few fbroblsts¯ophges, not much G.Sub Loc: retic layer in DERMIS, periosteum, perichondrium, jt. caps, capsules around some organs, epineurium, perineurium
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE Type 3 of Conn. Tissue Proper SPECIFIC PATTERN (hence regular) many dense packed collagen bundles in parallel rows in the SAME direction Cells: few fibroblasts Located: TENDONS, LIGAMENTS, FASCIA, APONEUROSES
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE Type 4 of COnn. Tissue Proper Abundance of elastic fibers interwoven among collagen fibers Cells: Fibroblasts Locations: Ligamentum Flavum, Ligamentum Nuchae, Wall of large elastic arteries, vocal chord ligaments of larynx
Questions: Where is type I Collagen Found? What Cells PRODUCE Collagen in: 1)Tendons & Ligs 2)Bone 3)Fibrocartilage 4)Skeletal Muscle 1-Dermis of the skin, tendons, ligaments, fibrocartilage, bone, fascia, jt. capsule! 1- Fibroblasts 2-Osteoblasts 3)Chondroblasts & Chondrocytes 4_Skeletal Muscle Cells
CARTILAGE Describe Name the 3 types! AVASCULAR Cells: Chondrocytes (in a bubble called a Lacuna) Each Lacuna surrounded by G. Subs which resists breakdown from compressive & shear forces Proteoglycans in g.subs gives cart hardness & resistance to compression 1)Hyaline 2)Elastic 3) Fibroca
FIBROCARTILAGE Fibers, Cells, Location TOUGHEST* Fibers: dense network of type I collagen fibes& some amts of type II Cells:Chondrocytes Locations:1)knee menisci 2)TMJ& art. cart of TMJ 3)SC Jt 4)AC Jt 5) Intervertebral Discs,Pubic Symph Disc 6) tendo-osseous jnxs 7) tendons @ mech trauma
BONE overview cells? composition? Name 2 Types Majority=inorganic cmpds/salts, some organice=collagen&GAGs Composed of:Osteocytes (cells of bones- provide bone LIFE, entrapt by calcified g.subs!), Type I coll. fibs, mineralized g.subs *G.Subs + Type I coll fibs= BONE MATRIX SPONGY & COMPACT= 2 type
SPONGY BONE describe Found on INSIDE of Bone, consists of network of delicate processes called TRABECULAE -Trabeculae ABUNDANT @ ENDS/ EPIPHYSES of LONG bones! They become aligned to resist common stresses placed on the bones!
COMPACT/DENSE BONE describe PART 1 on OUTER margins of bone; THICK along SHAFT/DIAPHYSES of LONG bones! THIN @ Epiphyses Consists of series of circular layers of bone that forms an OSTEON (unit of bone!) or HAVERSIAN SYSTEM!
HAVERSIAN SYSTEM in COMPACT BONE Described, Part 1 HAVERSIAN SYSTEM= Haversian Canal (each canal has bv's to bring nurtients to bone cells & to remove waste products & fine nerve fibers), BVs, Lacuna, and Osteocytes (mature bone cells) 1) BV's enter bone thru NUTRIENT FORAMEN 2)travel to VOLKMANNS CANAL
HAVERSIAN SYSTEM Part 2 Volk. Canals run transv & obliq. in bone to reach H. Canals! Surrndng each canal=rings of calcified bone(LAMELLA),btw this= LACUNA (contains Osteocytes), interconnecting Lacuna= tunnels called CANALICULI (fnx=nutrition to osteocytes)
HAVERSIAN SYSTEM Part 3 Btw Osteons=irregular layers of Lmlr Bone->INTERSTITIAL LAMELLA this=parts of old Osteons remaining after bone rmdlng. Osteons sep from Int.Lamlla by CEMENT LINES (made od GAGs) Lamlr bone runs along INNER or OUTER CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLA of compact b
3 CELLS OF BONE (other than main one, Osteocytes) Ostogenic:arise from mesenchymal cells, IN innercellular layer of periosteum, endosteum of H. Canals&along trabeculae in metaphysis of developing bone DIFFERINTIATE INTO: OSTEOBLASTS: BUILD UP OSTEOCLASTS: BREAKDOWN
Osteoclasts Vs. Osteoblasts OBLASTS:BUILD:secret colg.&non-calcified g.subs called OSTEOID,become osteocytes when matrix's calcified **KNOW**:Mesenchyme->Ogenic->Oblast->Ocytes->Oclasts->BONE! OCLASTS:BREAKdown: remove calcif bone&Osteoid-remodels! monocyte=wbc precursor to o-clas
BONE FORMATION & GROWTH 2 ways INTRAMEMBRANOUS B.F.=from osteognc cells drvd from membrane dvlpd from Mesenchyme=flat,facial&clavicle bones 2)INTRACARTILAGINOUS B.F.=cart. model of bone replaced, occurs=bones @base of skull, vertebrae, U&L limbs bones, pect & pelvic girdle, stern& rib
INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONE FORMATION overview in short MESENCHYMAL cells->produce Osteogenic Cells->differntiate into Osteblasts->which secrete OSTEOID->Oblast metabolism DECREASE which matures them to OSTEOCYTES->form Canaliculi->tiny spicules enlarge to TRABECULAE->bone reabsorbed cntrly by OClasts(REMODEL)
INTRACARTILAGINOUS BONE FORMATION overview MESENCHYMAL CELLS form Hyaline Cart. Model thats grad.replaced by Bone->BY BIRTH:diaphs of most bone are formed by dvlpmnt of PRIM OSS CENTER but Ephys still cartilaginous! 2ndary OSS CENTERs form in Ephys of some bones@birth,some @ 3-4yrs. 21=grwth stops
INTRACARTILAGINOUS BONE FORMATION IN SHORT MESENCHYMAL CELLS form Hyaline Cartilage Model->needs stiffness/integrity/rigidity->BONE COLLAR- bone being layed down by OBlast activity->meanwhile, cart. cells inside bone degen.&hypertrophy, BVs come into center of bone & PRIMARY OSS CENTER formed!
BONE COLLAR FORMATION @ Birth overview Msnch cells diff.to CHONDROBLASTS->Form hyln cart model covered w/PERICHNDRM->n diaphys region of model,cells in Prchndrm diff.to Ogenic cells&early bone deposits->fib. tiss called PERIOSTEUM covers diaph->ogenic to oblasts->secretes b.collar around diaph
BONE GROWTH length & diameter Diameter=add bone collar to outside bone, becomes thicker & thicker SO Oclasts on inside of bone eat away and clear out middle=narrow cavity for bv's to penetrate Length=z of prolif., z of res. cart. & z of hypertrohpy->take cart out and add to the ends!
SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER after Birth overview in ephysl Z of R Cart, cart.cells n center grow°en->bv'scome thru perchndrrm&outer epiphys cart. & grow into gaps left by cart. cells->bv's bring ogenic cells which diff into oblasts & form 2ndary Oss Center! Z of Prof lies btw P&2ndry O.C.=EPI Gw PLTE
Questions: 1) What makes up Osteons & where are they found? 2)Difference btw Osteoblasts& Osteoclasts? 1)Crculr layers of bone cont. ocytes that surround a H.Canal..Osteons are found in COMPACT bone (unit of c.bone) 2)Oblasts=immature ostocytes, secrete collagen & non calc g.subs (OSTEOID) BUILD Oclasts remove calc bone & osteoid, as part of growth&remdl
Questions: 1)What is the Diff between Periosteum & Endosteum? 1)P=lines outside of bone & compsd of outer layer of dense conn tissue & inn cellular layer of bone frming cells.*attached to bone by SHARPEY'S FIB'S! E=thin cellular layer lining inside of bone that also forms bone.
Question: What are the fnx of each of the 3 types of bone cells in Intramembranous & Intracartilaginous Bone Formation? Mesench. Cells form membrne or cart. area where bone is to be formed; diff. into 1)Ostgenic cells which become Oblasts 2)Oblasts secrete cllgn &non calc bone matrix(OSTEOID) 3)ocytes (mature obslast) develop& forms canaliculi btw lacunae in calcified bone
Questions: 1)How does bone grow in Diameter? 1)bone deposits beneath periosteum; Ogenic cells prod oblasts->secrete bone collar around diaphys...continued outside bone depositing by oblasts & inner removal of bone by oclasts= shaft of bone& marrow cavity increasing in diameter
Question: 1) How does bone grow in Length? in region btw prmry oss center & Z of R. Cart., cart cells multiply & form z of multplcation; this lengthens cart model of shaft at each end, ^length of bone. After birth 2ndary oss develops@ends of bone in z of r. cart... Z of Multp. now = epi gr. plte
BONE HEALING sequence of 8 events Steps 1-4 1)Fx=loc. Hematoma(ruptured BVs) 2)B.Clot dvlps@fx;caplries grow in clot&form vsclr ntwrk WHILE conn.tiss grws in site frmng granltn tiss3)mcrophgs rmve dead tiss&Oclasts rmve bone frags4)gran tiss bcms d.c.t. in which hyln&fibr cart dvlp=Fibrocart Callus
BONE HEALING Steps 5-8 5)Disrupt. of Perstm&endstm@fx site stims ogenic cell activ. 6)ogenic diff to oblasts-secrts Osteoid along caps while fbrcart callus absrbd 7)osteoid calcifies=BONY CALLUS fibrous bone(aligned along caps)8)w/time,bony callus rmodld&fib bone diff =lml bone
SMOOTH MUSCLE Muscle Type#1 Invlntry! 1 elng Nuc. cntrl n cell, NO striations-spndl shaped; Locs:DIG TRACT,ARTERIES,BVs(some veins),BLADDER, UTERUS,DUCTS,walls/ORGANS,erector Pilorium); sarcoplsm=hmgnous;lotsa thin A&M myofilmnts;Cont=sldng mech init.by nerve imp, hormns, mech chnge
CARDIAC MUSCLE Muscle Type#2 invlntry;1 elong nuc. central n cell; lght&drk stri's; Loc:HEART;unusual bc fibs attach end2end(allws frces to propgte to other musc fibs) Intrcltd disc btw=strx thru frces(uniq.to cardiac)Light I bnds Dark A bnds& Z lnes(area btw=sarcomere=strx/fnx unit)
SKELETAL MUSCLE Muscle Type#3 VOLUNTARY;mult.elng Nuc,along prphry of cell;lght&drk stri's;Loc:U&L limbs,Trunk,Head,Neck;Fibs DONT attch end2end;Srcoplsm cont. by Srcolma&ext.Lamina;A&M imp in S.M.! Hypertrphy=^#myofibrils; Atrophy=loss of myofbrls&myofilamnts!
SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION Part1 thin Actin flmnts(troponin&tropomyosin proteins on surface)& thick Myosin fils cmpsd of many myosin molec.(tail=light meromyosin, head/neck=heavy" ")Glob.heads bind w/Actin forms CrossBridges;ATP binds to myosin;A bnds=A&M overlap;Hzone=no overlap;
SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION Part2 M-Line=center of Hzone-connects end of myosin flmnts; I-bnds regs that cont only Actin, center of I=Z-dsc where ends of Act. attach! reg. btw Z-dscs=sarcomere(strx&fnx unit of s.m.) SarcoP Rect srrnds S.M.=stores &releases Ca+ for contract.!
SARCOPLASMIC RECTICULUM of Skeletal Muscle explained T-Tubule system full on long. tubes w/cisterns @ each end where Ca+ collects! T-Tubule connects to muscle fiber & Sarcolemma, when AP comes alone it goes down TT & Ca+ stims in cistern and pours over muscle; A&M interact/stimulated & CONTRACTION occurs!
SKELETAL MUSCLE CONNECTIVE TISSUE each cvrd bya thin l.c.t. coat called EPIMYSIUM, Part extnds inward n the muscle&forms conn.tiss walls that subdivide the whole muscle in fnx & strx cmprtmts. Musc cells are sep into FASCICLES by thin clgn septa->PERIMYSIUM;innermst layer=ENDOMYSIUM
Questions: What do cardiac muscle & skeletal muscle have in common? What is the difference between cardiac muscle & skeletal muscle? 1)Lght&drk bands,orderly arngd a&m myoflmnts&well dvlpd sarcoplasmic retic 2)CM:1/2 nuc central in cell;SM :mult. nuc along periph of the cell;S.M.=vlntry;C.M.=invltry;C.M. fibs end2end,S.M. aren't;CM fibs split&atch to others;SM can't;CM interclted disc
Questions: 1)What makes up the A Band? 2)What makes up the I Band? 3)What is fnx of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum? 1)myosin myofilaments with overlapping actin myofilaments 2)mostly actin filaments 3)to rapidly store and release Ca+ needed for cross bridge formation
3 Main Type of Skeletal Muscle Cells/Fibers explain ST-least amt force,most resist to fatig-prod. <than 1/2force prod. by FTFR FTFR:prod. forcs >than ST but <than FTF;more fatig resist than FTF, less fatig resist than ST FTF:prod greatest force; least fatig resist. prod 2-3x force of FTFR!
Slow Twitch, Fast Fatigue Resistant & Fast Fatiguable explained ST=type I, hold forces longest but weakest strngth, low tension, fiber body size=small FTFR:type IIA,interm tension & fatig, high ox cap&cap density, large fibers, holds cont. longest but not strngst FTF:Type IIB, strngst cntrct but not longst hold
SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER ARRANGEMENT 4 Types Fibs can be arrngd in parallel or@angles to tendons; PARALLEL fib'd=parallel algn'd LONG muscle fibs&can prod.lrg excrsn of tendon PINNATE fib'd=angld fibs;may be div: UNIPINNATE,BIPINNATE, MULTIPINNATE:mscls=shrt, angld fibs&red. amt excusion from tend
Muscle 'Line of Action' How can muscle actions change? deter. by locating attachmts of mscle or partic. subdvsn...PROX attach= less mobile than DISTAL; Least mob attach=ORIGIN;most mob=INSERTION Muscle actions can change depending on MOVEMENT or muscle POSITION ex) pec can do diff things if flex vs. extd
Questions: 1)What are the 3 ways in which a skeletal muscle can differ from another? 2)What are the things common to all skeletal muscles? 1)fiber arrngment; speed of contraction; fatiguability; fiber length; fiber diameter;fiber type composition; force of contraction 2)multiple nuclei&myofils, sacromeres,arrgnmnt of myofils in bands, well dvlpd SR, epim, perim & endo, vlntry neural control
NERVOUS TISSUE Composition 3 Classifications of Neurons Consists of Neurons(strx & fnx units of nervous system!) & surrounding support cells Each Neuron=cell body,axon&dendrites; Axon=prcess that carry sigs away from cell body; Dend=carry sigs toward cb; Can be= UNIPOLAR, BIPOLAR or MULTIPOLAR
Unipolar vs. Bipolar vs. Multipolar Neurons UNI=both dend & axon come into same area= sensory neurons BI=cell in middle of dend & axon??? CHECK THIS! MULTI=dends on multiple areas, axon spreads out ex)motorneuron
GRAY MATTER vs. WHITE MATTER in CNS NUCLEUS vs. GANGLION in CNS areas cont. nerve cell bodies ref. to as GRAY MATTER & areas cont. bundles of nerve fibers(tracts)=WHITE MATTER A concent. of nerve cell bods w/in gray matter of CNS=NUCLEUS, while concent. of nerve cell bods in PNS= GANGLION
What are the 'Support' cells of the PNS? Satellite&SCHWANN cells=support PNS; includ.ganglia&periph nerves..Sat cells=in periph ganglia around nerve cell bods; Schwann=surround nerve fibers of PNS &form Meylin Sheath=insulates sensory&motor nerve fibers **unmeylinatd fibs=slow signal conduction
How is the Myelin Sheath formed/produced? My shth of MYELINATED NERVES prod. by wrapping of plasma memb of Schwann cell sev. times around small portion of nerve fib..as memb wrapd, cytoplasm btw layers of shw.cell memb=pushd aside&membs FUSE;multiple Shw.cells invld n My.Sh a for single nerve fib
Glia Schwann Cells Node of Ravier Internodal Segment Saltatory Conduction 1)Neuro Conn. Tissue 2)wrapped arnd neurofiber=myelinates/INSULATES fib for RAPID conduction 3)space btw Schw cells/jnx where they meet 4)meylinated seg btw 2 nodes of ranvier 5)AP's jumping from node to node (think of dashing SALT!)
Epinuerium Vs. Perineurium Vs. Endoneurium Priphl nerves r srnded by lyrs of conn. tiss..OUTER thick dense IRRegular conn tiss=EPINEURIUM;then conn tiss pnetrts nerve, dvdng it in fascicles;srrdng fascicles=cnctrc lyrs of conn tiss makes up PERINEURIUM&last=delicate lyr:ENDONEURIUM:wrs ind.nrvfib
6 Types of Nerve Fibers: 2 MAIN/GENERAL TYPES explain each SENSORY:(Afnt)carry sigs from prphry->CNS. MOTOR:(Efnt)carry sigs from CNS->prphry. Prphl nrvs may cntn SOMATIC AFNT(sens)&SOMATIC EFNT(motor)to&from skin,SM,conn tiss&jts!Pnrvs also cnt.VISCERAL A(sens)&VISCERAL E(mot)nerv fibs->&from orgns, CM&Smth M&
Functional Classification of Nerves:GSE,GVE,SVE,GSA,GVA,SSA,SVA 7 Types w/diff functions to diff areas of body! GSE:'BodMot'->SMof trunk/limb;extraoclr eye msc&tng msc GVE:"Vsc/OrgnMot"->SmthM of vsc,glnd,bv,CM,sym&psym innrvtn SVE:Mot->SM 4 chwng,facexp,spch GSA:"snsy fm skin"&SM,jts&bones GVA:"sns fm vsc"&bv of som&vsc stx SSA:S-vis,hear&vestib fnx SVA:S-ts
SPINAL NERVES How many in each section of spine? How are they formed? 8C,12T,5L,5S,1-2Cc;Crrspnds to equivlnt level of SC! Frmd by:union of Dorsal&Ventral Root: DR contains primrly snsry input to that SC lvl & VR contains motor output from that SC lvl! SC divides dstly into a Dorsal Ramus&Ventral Ramus, both=aff&eff nrv f
What structures do Dorsal Rami Innervate? What structures do Ventral Rami Innervate? DR=deep muscles &joints of the spine & the skin on the center of the back VR=structures of the ant. neck & diapragm thru cervical plexus, upper limb thru brachial plexs, thoracic wall thru intercostal nrvs, &abd wall and lower limb thru lumbosacral plexu
2 Systems running in 2 Diff. Directions? Horizontal Pathway:Dorsal Root->Ventral Root= reflex & Vertical Pathway: up & down SC- motor & sensory as well
***SPINAL NERVE INJURIES*** dorsal root lesion vs ventral root lesion vs SC lesion dorsal rami lesion & ventral rami lesion DR les=imprd sens along dist. of sp.nrv but no obv. motor loss! VR les=motor loss along dist. of its sp.nrv but no sens loss! Sp.nerv les=vribl sens&motor imp. along dist.of sp.nrv! DRami les=vribl sens&motr imp.to strx invrtd by that DRami! VRami=same
With Lesions: DORAL ROOT=ALWAYS _________ effected VENTRAL ROOT=ALWAYS _______ effected SPINAL NERVE=_________ effected D=SENSORY V=MOTOR SC can be BOTH!
Questions on Lesions: Pt with pain/discomfort in back of neck? If pain in back of neck and sensory down arm? Pain just in arm? Sensory in neck and arm? DORSAL RAMUS bc confined to back of spine SPINAL NERVE bc both ventral and dorsal VENTRAL RAMUS DORSAL ROOT
Types of Receptors (@peripheral end of sensory fibers, responsible for transmitting info about the environment to the CNS) FNENDNGs=most com way snsy fibs end prphrly 1)UNENCPSLTD R's:found n skin,conn.tiss&musc(most FNE transmit pain snstn & others trnsmit lt touch snsatns, pressure & temp) *FNE that trnsmt PAIN=NOCICEPTORS 2)ENCAPSULATED R's=nrv end srrnd by tiss capsule
4 OTHER Types of RECEPTORS Classified by the main type of sensory stimulus they receive Snsy spcf rcpts= 1)MECHANOR's:incld mscl&jt mvmt,touch,vstblr,aditry&vscrl stretch rceptors! 2)CHEMOr's:taste,smll,vscrl pain &chngs in bld oxygn conc.! 3)PHOTOr's:vision 4)THERMOr's:temp
3 OTHER Types of RECEPTORS by location of stimulus 1)INTEROCEPTORS:incld mechanor;s, chemo r's&nociceptors from viscera 2)EXTROCEPTORS:mechanor's,nociceptors&thermor's from the skin;vstblr mchnor;s for balance(vstblr)&hearing;chemor's for smell&taste&photor's for vision 3)PROPROCPTRS:mchnor's from msc&J
Name the Sensations for the following Receptors: FNE(only unencapsulated) Meissner Corpuscles Ruffini Endings Pacinian Corpuscles End Bulb of Krause Golgi Tendon Organ Muscle Spindle Pain, Lt touch, temperature, pressure Lt Touch, discriminative touch, vibration Pressure, touch, vibration Deep tiss pressr, vibes *jt sense/in capsules=major proprioceptors Touch &prssr Mscl Tndn on tendon@musculotaneus jnx Chng n mscl lng&lng chng
Questions: 1)What is the diff. btw myelinated& non-myelinated nerves? 2)What is the fnx of the fllwing nrv fibs? a)GVE b)GSA c)GSE 1)M=my-sths,ndsOfrnvr, cond.along myltd nrv=saltry cndcts=more rapid than NM.NM engulfed in cytoplsm of SchCell&nrvs r cvrd but not by my-shth! 2)a)mot. inrvtn to vscrl mscls&bvs b)snsy inrvtn 2vscrl strx c)mot.->SM d)mediate senstn skin,jts&SM(T,P,T,
For Each of the following issues, what would be the nerve lesion? 1)Change in sensation & a muscle weakness ALONG the spine? 2)" " in the arm? 3)" " in the cervical paraspinal area & arm? 4)Muscle weakness in cervical paraspinal area & arm? 1)Lesion of the Dorsal RAMUS (dorsal-back) 2)Lesion of the Ventral RAMUS 3)Lesion of the spinal nerve *BOTH*(cerv paraspnal=d.ramus & arm=v.ramus) 4)Lesion of Ventral ROOT (just motor no snsry)
What two receptors are associated directly with muscle function? A Pacinian corpuscle at a joint would be classified as what type of a receptor? Muscle Spindle & Golgi Tendon Organ Capsulated Mechanorecptor (Proprioception!)
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: SURVIVAL SYSTEM! general Overview efferent(motor)system:cntrls invlntry bod fnxs:glndr scrtns, HR chng, cntrctn smthM in intstns&dlatn prphrl artries; 2 Div:paraS&Sym: both cnst of a 2 GVE nrn chn; A pregang nrn arises from CNS&synps's in gang w/ postgang nrn that trvls to orgn it innrvts
What part of spinal cord does Parasympathetic Innervate? structures/systems involved? (think of picture) P= brainstem-occul(vis reflxs) facial (exp) vagus(organs-neck) glosso(organs-head)&sacral-reprdctve&digestive(plvc sphlenic nrv) S2,S3,S4 (Lesion of S2, 3 or 4 affects preganglion where it starts! at that level- horiz! not vertical
What part does Sympathetic Innervate? systems involved? T1-L3: T1-T2 prgnlc fibs synpse w/ pstgnlc to head,neck&heart T3-T6 " " to thorax & upper limbs T7-T11 " " to viscera of abdomen T12-L2 " " to pelvic viscera &strx in lower limbs
5 Sympathetic Pathways: in short 1)Snps&sp nrv@same level(mst cmmon): VRoot->Gray Ramus->V&D Ramus 2)Synps&sp nrv abv entry lvl:VRoot->white ram,^gang of sym chn to abv vrtbra 3)" "blw entry lvl: VRoot->down" "->spn nrv blw 4)Syns abv entry lvl LEAVEas Crdc Nrv 5)Lve sm chn as pstg
Questions: (on test) C5 Lesion ? S3 Lesion ? TRICK! bc NO symp & no Parasymp ganglions so NO lesion reflexes there affected No sym there, yes parasymp SO, PELVIC & REPRODUCTIVE areas refelxes are effected!
1)How do sympathetic fibers from thoracic spinal cord enter the sympathetic chain? 2)How do Symp fibers from the symp chain leave to enter a spinal nerve? For the fllwing spinal cord lesions, what autonomic divis and region of the body invlved?C6,T4,L1, 1)thru VRoot, sp nrv, and then the white ramus communicans 2)thry the gray ramus communicans 3)NONE(trick) Symp to thorax and upper limb Symp to pelvis and lower limb Parasymp to pelvic organs
Vertebrae Describe Anatomy Several diff joints! btw bods=intervertebral disc (annulus fibrosis & nuclues pulposis) on back: Facet jts with flat artic facets Each vert=7 artic. processes! (2 transverse, 1 spinous, 2 sup. artic, 2 inf artic) Body=ant, sp. process=post 7C, 12T,
Sacrum solid bony mass, fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae, dorsal foramen, anterior foramen, Tip, Ala, body, Lateral-Median-Intermedial crests; sacral canal & COCCYX at end with cornua
VERTEBRAL JOINTS Artic btw dens&ant arch of Atlas=Median Atlantoaxial Joint; artic btw inf & art facets of atlas w/ sup facts of atlas& occiptl condyles= AtlantoOccipital Joints AtlantoOccipital, lat&median atlantoaxial, facet, costovertbrl&costotrnsvrs joints= SYNOVIAL
FACET JOINTS formed btw artic surf(facet) of the inf artic process of vertbra above, and the facet of superior artic process of vert below! TIGHTLY held 2gether jt; hard to sep. BUT capsule or menisci(caudl&crnial) can be PINCHED->LIG. FLAVUM & MULTIFIDOUS prevents!
Articular Cartilage of Facet Joints & Jt Capsule (explain, what collagen fibs limit/prevent) Hyaline Cart-thick centrly&thin prphly; Jt Caps-dense irreg conn tiss w/clgn & elstc fibs Collagen:limit extent of facet jt mvmnt; jt distrctn; rotation; limits trnsltn of inf facets on vert abv on supr facets of vert below
What Elastic Fibs limit/prevent in Facet Joints? 1)prvnt capsule&synov memb from being pinched btw oppos facets 2)allows mvmnt btw facets 3)returns caps to starting position
Pregnancy effects on what Joint? Pulls abdomen forward, ribs pull on COSTOVERTEBRAL joints and COSTOTRANSVERSE joints (become INFLAMMED) btw costal: rib artics with transverse process of 1/2 of one body above & 1/2 of body below; Head of rib & vert body=2 jts: costovert&costotrnsvrs j
3 Main Costotransverse Joint Ligaments: LIGS THAT STABILIZE THIS JOINT? Superior Costotransverse lig Lateral Costotransverse lig Costotransverse Lig Proper
INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS structure, what absorbs shock, and what ligs support that Intervertebral DISC; annulus fibrous and Nucleus Pulposus attached to rim of vert bod and 2 ligs secure this strs: ALL & PLL! Rupture of Annulus and displacement of nucleus= HERNIATED DISC; compresses spnl cord
SACROILLIAC JOINT between Illium & Sacrum! Auricular surfaces of these two strx; Sacroilliac Jt! VERY little Motion: 2 parts: Posterior=fibrous jt/ Anterior=Hyaline Cart. surface; TOUGH jt!, all forces thru ground and body come thru here
LIGAMENTUM FLAVUM Vertebral Ligament connects LAMINA of vertebral arches; it is the only vert lig with stretchability bc it is mostly ELASTIC; ON STRETCH when flexing spine, on slack when extnd-ext into SCanal! *KEEPS INTERVRT DISC & MENISCI (caudal/cranial) FROM BEING PINCHED IN FACET JTS!*
LIGAMENTUM NUCHAE NUCHAE=NECK! REPLACES supraspinous & infraspinous ligaments; extends from C7 to Occiput! Horses/animals=elastic can, stretch! HUMANS= mostly collagen= can TEAR! MANY muscles attatch to L.Nuchae! *HYPERFLEXION OF NECK= TEAR!*
ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT/ ALL THICK! Ant. surface of each vert body from axis/occiput->sacrum! Interweave w/ intrvbrl discs! Stretches w/ lordosis of lumbar spine/pregnancy, hyperextension of spine, hyperext of neck
ANTERIOR ATLANTO-AXIAL LIG ANTERIOR ATLANTO-OCCIPTAL LIG P-AOL P-AAL *AAL connects body of AXIS to ant arch of ATLAS *AOL cncts ant. arch of ATLAS w/back of Occiput *P-AAL cncta post arch of Axis&Atlas *P-AOL cncts post arch of Atlas w/Occiput *ALL blends w/Lat AOL *L-AOL cncts trnsvs p of Atlas w/occpt&srngthns AO j
POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT/ PLL WITHIN vert. canal; POST surface of vert bodies; from AXIS(C2) to SACRUM, may reach coccyx (thinner lig, very thin towards lumbar vert, can be impinged in hernias!) Superiorly it stops & EXTENDS AS TECTORIAL MEMBRANE! (connects Axis to Occiput)
CRUCIFORM 3 parts importance? CROSS, covered postrly by Tect Memb! Consists of Superior band attached occiput, vertical Inferior band attached to axis & Transverse lig of Atlas and crosses DENS horizntly! *HOLDS DENS against ant. arch of ATLAS! IF TORN- shifts dens into SC!
SUPRASPINOUS LIGAMENT INTERSPINOUS LIGS (diagonal!) INTERTRANSVERSE LIGS ILIOLUMBAR LIGS All stabilize post vert column! Sup=cncts spinous p to spinous p; cont. from Lig Nuch @C7 down& turns into thoraco-lumbar fascia @L3 IntSp=run DIAGNL btw adj spins P's IntTrnsv=trnsvrs P to trnsvs P's IL=stablz Iliosacral jt, from Tvs P's of L4-il cr
RADIATE LIGAMENT STABILIZES COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINT (articulation btw head of rib and the costal facets on vertebral bodies) Extends from body of vert to the head of the rib Articulation btw tubercle of rib and costal tubercle facet of trnsvrs P's=COSTOTRANSVERSE JT
APICAL LIGAMENT ALAR LIGAMENTS IMPORTANCE? & IF they BOTH tear what happens? Apical= ponytail- OFF TOP OF DENS-cnncts it to occiput! (small lig going ^, lies ant to sup band of cruciform) Assoctd w/NTRTN Alar Ligs="WINGS" strng ligs attached off lateral sides of DENS; controls amt of rot & flexn @ Atlanto-Axial Jt! TEAR=DENS->S
PRIME/ MOST IMP LIGS IN SACROILLIAC JOINT? 3 main ligs? 1)VENTRAL&DORSAL Sacroiliac Joints (dorsal= stab SI Jt suprly & infrly; Ventral=thin horiz ligs, torn w/childbirth*) 2)Sacrotuberus Lig 3)Sacrospinous Lig=influences SI jt (*4th is Illiolumbar-not directly involved but can be, least imp!)
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